cell structure parts 1 and 2

Question 1

what are the two types of cells and what makes them different

Answer 1

Eukaryotic- have organelles
prokaryotic- dont have organelles (nucleus)

Question 2

what are cells composed of

Answer 2

millions of molecules- some are identical. nearly all cells and invisible to the naked eye

Question 2

what are single nerve cells

Answer 2

branching cells which receive signals from up to 100,000 other nerve cells

Question 3

what are paramecium and how do they swim

Answer 3

Protozoan-single giant cell.
swim by beating the cilia that covers its surface

Question 3

where do paramecium live?

Answer 3

in stagnant warm water

Question 4

when are paramecium useful in forensics

Answer 4

when looking at the contents of someones lungs after drowning

Question 5

what can paramecium do

Answer 5

eat pathogenic (causes disease and death in humans) and fungi

Question 6

where can chlamydomonas be found all over the world

Answer 6

-soil
fresh water
oceans
snow on top of mountains

Question 7

what are 2 characteristics of chlamydomonas

Answer 7

photosynthetic (green)
swims with flagella

Question 8

what are Saccharomyces and what are they used for

Answer 8

yeast cells, used for baking bread

Question 9

how do Saccharomyces reproduce

Answer 9

by budding

Question 10

what is a Helicobaeter pylori and what does it do

Answer 10

bacterial cells- cause stomach ulcers

Question 11

how does it swim and what can this swimming cause

Answer 11

uses a handful of whip-like flagella to propel itself through stomach lining
can cause death

Question 11

what are 3 other cells and what do they cause

Answer 11

spherical- ecoli
rod shaped cells- salmonella
spiral cells- syphilis
some can cause death

Question 12

where do human epithelial cells cover

Answer 12

inner and outer body cavities like stomach and the urinary tract
exist in multiple layers for protection

Question 13

what do epithelial cells form in terms of the lungs

Answer 13

alveoli/air sacs

Question 13

what else do epithelial cells line in the body

Answer 13

stomach
small intestine
kidney
pancreas
oesophagus
bile ducts
salivary glands

Question 14

what can epithelial cells line and specialise in

Answer 14

sensory receptors like tastebuds

Question 15

what are female reproductive cells lined with

Answer 15

ciliated epithelial cells

Question 16

what is the skin made of

Answer 16

epithelial cells,
striated layers- demonstrate extensive morphology of epithelia

Question 17

what is the first cell to differentiate in the embryo and what stage does it occur

Answer 17

epithelial cells
in stage 8

Question 18

where are 3 locations epithelial cells can change appearance depending on their location and what are their locations

Answer 18

Mesothelium- body cavities
Endothelium- blood vessels
Columnar epithelium- mucoid

Question 18

when are epithelial cells useful in forensics

Answer 18

a person sheds about 400,000 skin cells per day
can be recovered from clothes, weapons and other objects
DNA from these cells needs to be isolated and matched to a victim/suspect

Question 19

what are fingerprints

Answer 19

stratified layer of cells
undulation of the ridges and furrows
which produce fingerprints, palm prints, sole prints

Question 20

what are 2 examples of use of epithelial cells in solving crime

Answer 20

Jon Benet Ramsey case 1996 rape case

Question 21

what are muscle cells responsible for

Answer 21

movement of skeleton, heart and many internal organs like stomach

Question 22

what do nerve cells do

Answer 22

conduct electrical signals through-out the body. control contractions of muscles. responsible for 5 senses

Question 23

what are connective tissue cells and what do they do

Answer 23

create extracellular material that holds cells together in tissue may specialise to absorb or resist external forces

Question 24

what are plant cells and what do they do

Answer 24

share most structures and functions with animal cells (common ancestor) can be highly specialised in different pant types

Question 25

what are prokaryotic cells and what do they do

Answer 25

-single celled organisms -capable of performing all functions to live and reduce

Question 26

what is the structure of prokaryotic cells

Answer 26

lack membrane bound compartments have complex structural organisation

Question 27

what are the most abundant types of molecules in cells

Answer 27

water carbon based molecules lipids carbohydrates (sugars) amino acids nucleotides

Question 28

what is lividity

Answer 28

blueish- purple colour of skin after death associated with livor-mortis

Question 29

what is livor-mortis

Answer 29

lividity that occurs within hours after death. one of the 4 post mortem signs

Question 30

why does lividity happen

Answer 30

heart is no longer pumping blood, gravity pulls the blood down and it pools at the lowest point in the body

Question 31

what are 5 unusual traits of water

Answer 31

polar molecule- don't for H bonds solid water is less dense then water has a very high specific heat and is a good thermal insulator more energy to raise temp of water then CO2 or CH4 solid CH4 or CO2 would sink in water

Question 32

how many covalent bonds can carbon form

Answer 32

4

Question 33

what is dry ice

Answer 33

frozen CO2

Question 34

what is the bodies reaction to to a rise in CO2 levels

Answer 34

hyperventilation or hypoventilation

Question 35

what does the CO2 bound to haemoglobin form

Answer 35

carbamino compound where CO2 and H+ conc. are high the affinity of haemoglobin for O2 is decreased

Question 36

what is carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 36

CO causes hypoxia through the formation of COHb and a leftward shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and the binding to haem- containing proteins

Question 37

what are lipids

Answer 37

carbon rich polymers that are insoluble in water

Question 38

what are some properties of lipids

Answer 38

hydrocarbon chain hydrophobic ampipathic

Question 39

what are some examples of lipids

Answer 39

phospholipids cholesterol triglycerides

Question 40

what are sugars

Answer 40

simple carbohydrates made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 41

what are some examples of sugars

Answer 41

glucose ribose glyceraldehyde fructose

Question 42

what are amino acids and what do they do

Answer 42

polymers containing amino and carboxylic acid groups protein building blocks

Question 43

what is the structure of amino acids

Answer 43

central carbon bound to amino and carboxylic acid groups hydrogen and the R group

Question 44

when does the R group differ

Answer 44

the R group side chain differs for each amino acid

Question 45

what are amino acids linked together by

Answer 45

peptide bonds to form proteins

Question 46

how are the 20 most common amino acids classified

Answer 46

3 classes based on the structure of their side chain

Question 47

what do nucleotides contain

Answer 47

a sugar, 1-3 phosphate group and a base

Question 48

what do nucleotides do

Answer 48

building blocks for DNA and RNA. phosphate groups attach to 5' carbon base attaches to carbon 1