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Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Structures > Flashcards

Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized structures within the cell.

A

Organelles

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2
Q

Living material surrounding the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What encloses the cell and acts as a selective barrier?

A

Cell membrane (or plasma membrane)

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4
Q

It contains the genetic material of the cell (DNA).

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

What are the functions of the cell?

A
  1. Cell metabolism and energy use
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction and inheritance
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6
Q

What molecules make up the cell membrane?

A

Major: Phospholipids and proteins
Others: Cholesterol and carbohydrates

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7
Q

What do you call the model used for the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Fluid-mosaic model

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8
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is bounded by ribosomes?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is the site for lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

What organelle modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus

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12
Q

What organelle is formed by the Golgi apparatus and contains materials produced in the cell?

A

Secretory vesicle

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13
Q

It contains enzymes that digest materials taken into the cell.

A

Lysosome

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14
Q

It breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

A

Peroxisome

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15
Q

The site of aerobic respiration and major site of ATP synthesis.

A

Mitochondrion

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16
Q

What organelle supports cytoplasm and forms components of cilia and flagella?

A

Microtubules

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17
Q

It facilitates the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

A

Centrioles

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18
Q

What do you call the loosely coiled chromosomes and composed of DNA and protein?

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

It is where the materials pass through in or out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores

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20
Q

The double membrane that encases the nucleus.

A

Nuclear envelope

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21
Q

How many chromosome pairs do human cells have?

A

23 pairs (46 chromosomes)

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22
Q

The site where the formation of a ribosomal subunit happens. (rRNA)

A

Nucleolus

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23
Q

What do you call the numerous folds in the mitochondria that increases its surface area?

A

Cristae

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24
Q

What is the main energy source for most chemical reactions within the cell?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

25
The internal framework of the cell that consists of protein that supports and holds the organelles in place.
Cytoskeleton
26
Small fibrils that are involved with cell movement and enable muscle cells to shorten or contract.
Microfilaments
27
Fibrils that are smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments. It also maintain the cell’s shape, bear tension, and provide structural support to the cell.
Intermediate filaments
28
A specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs.
Centrosome
29
An organelle that projects from the surface of cells. (numerous in the respiratory tract)
Cilia
30
Similar but longer than cilia and propels the sperm cell.
Flagella
31
An organelle that is numerous and increases the surface area of cells. Abundant on areas in which absorption is an important function (intestine, kidney, and etc.)
Microvilli
32
It gives added strength and stability by limiting the movement of phospholipids.
Cholesterol
33
What bounds to protein and modify their functions?
Carbohydrates
34
A protein with a carbohydrate attached to it.
Glycoprotein
35
A lipid with a carbohydrate attached to it.
Glycolipid
36
What kind of transport does not require the cell to expend energy?
Passive transport
37
What kind of transport requires energy (ATP)?
Active transport
38
A process where molecules flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (An important means of transporting extracellular and intracellular in the cell membrane)
Diffusion
39
What do you call the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points?
Concentration gradient
40
What kind of channel constantly allows ions to pass through?
Leak channels
41
What kind of channel limits the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing?
Gated channels
42
Molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers. (A carrier-mediated transport process)
Facilitated diffusion
43
A process of diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis
44
Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes.
Isotonic
45
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water. (Causing the cell to swell)
Hypotonic
46
What do you call the process of swelling on RBCs?
Lysis
47
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution and a lower concentration of water. (Causing the cell to shrink)
Hypertonic
48
What do you call the process of shrinking?
Crenation
49
Uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of vesicles.
Endocytosis
50
Endocytosis of large particles ("cell eating")
Phagocytosis
51
Brings fluid containing dissolved substances ("cell drinking")
Pinocytosis
52
Process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport.
Exocytosis
53
A sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein.
Gene
54
The first step in gene expression. | A strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription
55
The second step in gene expression. | Synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA.
Translation
56
Where does translation occur?
Ribosomes
57
A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
Codon
58
Three nucleotide sequence found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule
Anti-codon

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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