Cell structures Flashcards
What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
Have cytoplasm, plasma/cell surface membrane, membrane-bound organelles, non-membrane bound organelles, and vesicles containing proteins.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies proteins by adding sugar to make glycoproteins or lipids to make lipoproteins.
What are secretory vesicles?
Vesicles that are pinched off from the Golgi apparatus to take modified proteins out.
Where are ribosomes made?
In the nucleolus.
What is the main function of ribosomes?
Synthesize proteins.
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
RER has ribosomes on its surface, while SER does not.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic material and controls cellular activities.
What is chromatin?
Genetic material (DNA and histone proteins) that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
What are centrioles and their function?
Centrioles consist of two bundles of microtubules at right angles and are involved in cell division and forming cilia/undulipodia.
What is the role of mitochondria?
Site of ATP production during respiration.
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Rod-shaped with an inner membrane folded into cristae and an outer membrane.
What are lysosomes?
Single membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest and engulf substances.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis.
What is the stroma in chloroplasts?
The fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis occurs.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides cell support, movement of organelles, and forms spindle fibers.
What is the tonoplast?
A single membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole in plant cells.
What is the function of the cellulose cell wall?
Maintains cell shape, provides strength and support, and prevents bursting when turgid.
Fill in the blank: The cytoskeleton is made up of _______.
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
True or False: Animal cells have a cellulose cell wall.
False.
What is the primary cell wall composed of?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
What is the role of nuclear pores?
Allows mRNA to leave and hormones to enter the nucleus.
What is the cisternal space?
The space within the endoplasmic reticulum that is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
