Cell Theory

Question 1

see unified cell theory

Answer 1

Cell theory

Question 2

rigid cell covering made of various molecules that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell

Answer 2

Cell wall

Question 3

large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell’s storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degradation

Answer 3

Central vacuole

Question 4

region in animal cells made of two centrioles

Answer 4

Centrosome

Question 5

green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 5

Chlorophyll

Question 6

plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis

Answer 6

Chloroplast

Question 7

protein-DNA complex that serves as the building material of chromosomes

Answer 7

Chromatin

Question 8

structure within the nucleus that is made up of chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material

Answer 8

Chromosome

Question 9

(plural = cilia) short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell

Answer 9

Cilium

Question 10

entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

Answer 10

Cytoplasm

Question 11

network of protein fibers that collectively maintain the shape of the cell, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enable unicellular organisms to move independently

Answer 11

Cytoskeleton

Question 12

gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended

Answer 12

Cytosol

Question 13

linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments

Answer 13

Desmosome

Question 14

an instrument that magnifies an object using a beam of electrons passed and bent through a lens system to visualize a specimen

Answer 14

Electron microscope

Question 15

group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins

Answer 15

Endomembrane system

Question 16

series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids

Answer 16

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 17

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

Answer 17

Eukaryotic cell

Question 18

material (primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) secreted from animal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue

Answer 18

Extracellular matrix

Question 19

(plural = flagella) long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell

Answer 19

Flagellum

Question 20

channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate

Answer 20

Gap junction

Question 21

eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

Answer 21

Golgi apparatus

Question 22

cytoskeletal component, composed of several intertwined strands of fibrous protein, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures

Answer 22

Intermediate filament

Question 23

an instrument that magnifies an object using a beam visible light passed and bent through a lens system to visualize a specimen

Answer 23

Light microscope

Question 24

organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

Answer 24

Lysosome

Question 25

narrowest element of the cytoskeleton system; it provides rigidity and shape to the cell and enables cellular movements

Answer 25

Microfilament

Question 26

an instrument that magnifies an object

Answer 26

Microscope

Question 27

widest element of the cytoskeleton system; it helps the cell resist compression, provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia

Answer 27

Microtubule

Question 28

(singular = mitochondrion) cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus

Answer 29

Nuclear envelope

Question 30

central part of a prokaryotic cell in which the chromosome is found

Answer 30

Nucleoid

Question 31

darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling the subunits of the ribosomes

Answer 31

Nucleolus

Question 32

semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus

Answer 32

Nucleoplasm

Question 33

cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

Answer 33

Nucleus

Question 34

compartment or sac within a cell

Answer 34

Organelle

Question 35

small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons

Answer 35

Peroxisome

Question 36

phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, that separates the internal content of the cell from its surrounding environment

Answer 36

Plasma membrane

Question 37

(plural = plasmodesmata) channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell

Answer 37

Plasmodesma

Question 38

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

Answer 38

Prokaryote

Question 39

cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

Answer 39

Ribosome

Question 40

region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis

Answer 40

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 41

region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals (like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants), and stores calcium ions

Answer 41

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 42

firm seal between two adjacent animal cells created by protein adherence

Answer 42

Tight junction

Question 43

a biological concept that states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells

Answer 43

Unified cell theory

Question 44

membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transport

Answer 44

Vacuole

Question 45

small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Answer 45

Vesicle