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Semester One Biology > Cell Theory > Flashcards

Cell Theory Flashcards

0
Q

What are organisms made up of?

A

Cells

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1
Q

What are organisms?

A

Living things

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2
Q

What are cells?

A

Smallest unit in a living thing

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3
Q

What is the acronym for what living things can do?

A

MRS GREN

Move
Reproduce
Sense

Grow
Respire
Excrete
Nutrition/digest

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4
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.-mitosis and meiosis

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5
Q

Who and when did the first person discover cells and what specimen did he use?

A

Robert Hooke
1665
Cork

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6
Q

List the organelles of an animal cell.

A 
Cytoplasm/ cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Plasma/cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Vacuole
Micro tubules/filaments
Lysosomes
Cilia
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7
Q

List the organelles found in a plant cell.

A 
Cytoplasm/ cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Plasma/cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Cell wall
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Large vacuole 90% of cell volume
Plastids
Micro tubules/filaments
Chloroplasts
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8
Q

What are prokaryotic cells? What is an example of one? And what structures do they contain?

A 
Cells that do not have a nucleus.
But do have "floating" DNA/RNA.
DNA is circular (never ending).
Unicellular 
Eg: bacteria

Contain structures:
Flagella
Cytosol
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA floating in cytosol
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9
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell? Example?

A

Cell that has a nucleus.
Have DNA/RNA in the nucleus and nucleolus
DNA is linear
Eg: Protista, fungi, plants and animals.

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10
Q

What are the structures that can be seen under a light/optical/compound microscope?

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm-green plant
Vacuole
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11
Q

What are the structures that can be seen under an electron microscope?

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm-green plant
Vacuole
Golgi apparatus
Smooth and rough ER
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Centrioles
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12
Q

What is cytosol?

A

It is the jelly like substance within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs.

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13
Q

What is cytoplasm? And what is it made up of?

A

It is a collective term for the cytosol plus all of the organelles suspended within the cytosol.

90% water.

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14
Q

What is all the living matter of a cell called?

A

Protoplasm

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15
Q

What is the cell membrane, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?

A

It is the outer most layer of an animal cell and the second most layer of a plant cell.
It is made up of phospholipids and protein.

It’s function is to control what enters and leaves the cell, by having selective permeability.
It helps the cell keep it’s contents.
Provides support to the cell.
Senses molecules that touches it.

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16
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The theory that the plasma membrane is fluid because it is constantly moving around.

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17
Q

What is the cell wall, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?

A

It is only found in plant cells and is the outermost layer of them.

It is made up of cellulose which is a macro sugar made up of the micro sugar glucose.

It’s function is to give the plant strength, structure, support and shape.
It also helps the plant cell to fill with water creating an internal pressure called turgor pressure.

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18
Q

What is the cytoskeleton, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?

A

It is the skeleton of the cell.

It is made up of a network of protein fibres, filaments, and tubules.

It provides support and movement for a cell.

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19
Q

What is the nucleus, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?

A

It is the the control centre of the cell.
It contains a nucleolus and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Contains DNA which is arranged in chromosomes.
Genes are located on the chromosome and are therefore made up of DNA.
It controls the activity of the cell.

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20
Q

What does DNA do?

A

It codes for proteins.

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21
Q

What is the nucleolus, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?

A

Non membrane bound structure.
It’s contains proteins and RNA particularly rRNA.
It’s function is to synthesise ribosomes.
Ribosomes are made of RNA.

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22
Q

What is the nuclear membrane, and what is it’s function?

A

It is what surrounds the nucleus.

It has openings called nuclear pores which allow materials such as RNA and ribosomes to enter and leave the nucleus.

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23
Q

What is the cell plate?

A

During cytokinesis in some plants and algae, a new cell wall begins to form in the middle of one cell, diving the two sides, to eventually form two cells.

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24
What are mitochondria, what are they made up of and what is it's function?
Mitochondria is the power house of the cell. It is where cellular respiration occurs. The end product of cellular respiration is energy. Muscle, liver and nerve cells have many mitochondria. It has two membranes: an inner membrane; which is folded, and an outer membrane. The more folds the more energy. These folds are called cristae. They contain some of their own DNA. It's function is to provide the cell with energy in the form of ATP (adenosine-triphosphate).
25
What are chloroplasts, what are they made up of and what is it's function?
They are large organelles found only in green plant cells which are responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll. They are double membrane organelles. One stores hydrogen ions. Thylakoids are the inner membranes of the chloroplasts which in stacks are called grana.
26
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a process whereby plants convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts which use chlorophyll. They use light as their energy source. They are called autotrophs.
27
What is the balanced equation of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O----> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ----> sunlight and chlorophyll Occurs in chloroplasts.
28
What is the balanced equation of cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen----> carbon dioxide + water + 36-38 ATP C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP Occurs in mitochondria. Where 36 of the 38 ATPs (energy molecules) from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondria.
29
What are chromoplasts, what are they made up of and what is it's function?
They are plastids that store pigment. Found in flowers, ripe fruits and leaves. In fruits, chloroplasts turn to chromoplasts as the fruit ripens. As when it was fresh and raw it was green and when it ripens, it colour changes.
30
What are plastids?
Plastids are major organelles found in plant and algae cells. They manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell. They have double stranded DNA.
31
What is the endoplasmic reticulum, what are the two types and the differences, what is it made up of and what is it's function?
It is a network of branching and joining tubules. It is a folded mass of membranes made of phospholipids. (Same as the plasma membrane) There is smooth ER and rough ER. Endo: inside Plasmic: cytoplasm Reticulum: network The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has several functions, one of which is detoxification of several compounds and synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered by an evenly spaced arrangement of ribosomes. It's main function is to hold on to the ribosomes used for making proteins that will be packaged and trucked elsewhere.
32
What are ribosomes? What are they made up of? What is their function?
Large and complex molecules that are synthesised in the nucleolus, spat put of the nucleus into the cytosol to roam freely and onto ER making it rough, and responsible for protein synthesis. Each ribosome has two parts that come together during protein synthesis. Ribosomes are made up of numerous proteins and RNA.
33
What is the Golgi apparatus/body/complex, what is it made up of and what is it's function?
It is a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that is located near the nucleus. Made up of flattened membranous cells with smaller vacuoles or vesicles on either side. Not connected to each other. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes.
34
What are lysosomes, what is it made up of and what is it's function?
They are organelles which are small vacuoles or vesicles that are filled with digestive enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after it's death. They bud off from the Golgi complex and fuse with food vacuoles. Helps break down cellular waste (worn out parts of the cell) with its acids. Involved in digestion of food particles brought into the cell through infoldings in the plasma membrane.
35
What are vacuole, what are the two types, what are they made up of and what are their function?
They are membrane bound sacs with little or no internal structure. Two types: Contractile vacuole Food vacuole The contractile vacuole of organisms helps to regulate water balance by eliminating excess water through a process called osmosis. Used to store cell products such as pigments, food and water and to protect the rest of the cell from invading microorganisms. In plants cells they are large, in animals cells they are much smaller.
36
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
37
What are centrioles?
They are paired cylindrical structures that contain 9 bundles of microtubules, each with 3 tubules. Only found in animal cells. Involved in cellular division. Lie at right angles to each other. Centrioles called basal bodies, form cilia and flagella.
38
What is cilia and flagella? What are they made up of? And what are their functions?
Cilia and flagella are circular series of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a long slender sheath of plasma membrane. They are used for movement in animals cells. Flagella are single long versions of cilia. Cilia are short but numerous compared to flagella.
39
What is the unit of measurement for cells?
Micrometre (um)
40
How many micrometres in a millimetre?
1000
41
How do you calculate the magnification of a light microscope?
Multiply the eye piece lens magnification with the objective lens magnification.
42
Which type of microscope are you able to view living things?
Light microscope
43
Who first proposed the cell theory?
Schleiden and Schwann
44
Which model bests describes the structure of the cell membrane?
The fluid mosaic model.
45
When the cell is not dividing, what do we call the chromosomes?
Chromatin
46
Where are gens found? And what do genes control?
Genes are located on the chromosomes and are responsible for the production of protein.
47
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Ribosome synthesis
48
Of what are ribosomes made?
RNA and protein
49
What is the major end product of cellular respiration?
Energy as ATP
50
Do mitochondria have their own DNA?
Yes
51
Which human cells contain many mitochondria?
Liver, muscle and nerve cells.
52
Do chloroplasts store some starch?
Yes
53
What are thylakoids? What are grana?
The inner membrane of the chloroplast. | Stacks of thylakoids.
54
What do we call the fluid part of the chloroplast?
Stroma
55
What does rough ER synthesise?
Proteins
56
What does smooth ER synthesise?
Lipids, triglycerides and steroid hormones.
57
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
58
Which organelle modifies and packages proteins for export from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
59
Would you expect to find many Golgi bodies in cells which secrete proteins?
Yes
60
In which cells do we generally find centrioles?
Animal cells
61
In what cellular process are centrioles involved in?
Cell division
62
What do lysosomes contain?
Digestive enzymes
63
What is the function of lysosome?
Intracellular digestion
64
Are prokaryotes multicellular?
No
65
Name the type of cell division seen in prokaryotes.
Binary fission
66
Which four kingdoms of organisms are eukaryotic?
Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.
67
What is the typical size of a prokaryote?
1-10um
68
What is the diameter of the field of view when the total magnification is x40?
4500 um
69
What is the diameter of the field of view when the total magnification is x100?
1800 um
70
What is the diameter of the field of view when the total magnification is x400?
450 um
71
What is the diameter of the field of view when the total magnification is x1000?
180 um
72
What is the advantage of using iodine?
As with other stains, it shows the organelles of the cell much clearer, especially the nucleus. Iodine is used particularly to stain the cell to make starch much clearer to see as it turns starch in the cell a blue colour; as seen in our banana experiment.
73
What are leucoplasts?
They are colourless plastids that store starch, lipids or protein. If they are exposed to light, they can develop into chloroplasts and vice versa.
74
What are chromoplasts?
They are plastids that produce and store pigments.
75
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
Cytoplasmic streaming is the movement of the cytoplasm within a plant or animal cell.
76
How does amoeba move?
It moves like it's rolling it's contents around to spread out and cover a large area. It's pseudopodia is it's arm like structures that stretch out in the direction of food so therefore it can move towards it's food and eat it up by covering it.
77
What is an epidermis?
The outermost layer which covers the whole plant structure.
78
How does Paramecium move?
It moves in a forwards and backwards direction and they occasionally spin around. This movement is made by they cilia around they outside of it.
79
How does euglena move?
Mostly forwards twisting around as though it was drilling through something. It executes this movement with the use of its flagellum. The flagellum beats in order for movement to occur.
80
What is the function of the reddish eye spot on the euglena?
Light receptor (photoreceptor) which helps euglena move towards the light and helps with photosynthesis. As it is situated right next to the flagellum means that it controls the movement through the flagellum towards the light.
81
What is the approximate ratio of red to white blood cells?
1000:1 There is approximately 1000 red blood cells for every white blood cell.
82
Why are red blood cells very small, concave and lack a nucleus?
Because they don't require a nucleus when their function is to only transport oxygen around the body through the blood stream. Also the concave shape allows the oxygen to flow in and out of the cell quickly as it gives the cell greater surface area. They are small because there are many of them.
83
What function does cilia play in ciliated columnar epithelial cells?
It removes harmful bacteria and mucus out of your body so they do not get into your lungs and bloodstream.
84
What does epithelial mean?
The skin around the organs. The lining of the organs.
85
Intracellular=
Inside of the cell
86
Extracellular=
Outside of the cell
87
The approximate size of an onion epidermal cell is?
140 um
88
The approximate size of a red capsicum epidermal cell is?
95 um
89
The approximate size of a red onion epidermal cell is?
450 um
90
The approximate size of a green banana cell is?
140 um
91
The approximate size of an elodea cell is?
80 um
92
The approximate size of amoeba is?
360 um
93
The approximate size of a paramecium is?
270 um
94
The approximate size of an euglena is?
50 um
95
The approximate size of a human red blood cell is?
7-8 um
96
The approximate size of a human white blood cell is?
10-12 um
97
The approximate size of a ciliated columnar cell is?
20-30 um
98
The approximate size of a motor neuron is?
100 um

Semester One Biology (4 decks)

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