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BI 220 Cell Bio > Cell Theory and Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Theory and Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What traits do all living things exhibit?

A
  1. Order
  2. Metabolism
  3. Homeostasis
  4. Response to Stimuli
  5. Reproduction
  6. Growth and Development
  7. Evolutionary Adaptation
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2
Q

What is order?

A

the structural organization and molecular complexity

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

transforming chemicals and derive energy to generate usable components

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ability to regulate itself, cells can regulate and respond

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5
Q

What is the response to stimuli?

A

dynamic changes in response to environmental stimuli

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6
Q

What is growth and development

A

mature and interact with the environment

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7
Q

What is evolutionary adaptation?

A

the change over time in response to stimuli

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8
Q

What is a cell?

A

The simplest unit of life and can replicate

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9
Q

Who found cells and when?

A

Robert Hooke in da year of 1665

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10
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

1) all organisms made of cells
2) cells are the smallest living things
3) cells arise only from pre-existing cells

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11
Q

What domains are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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12
Q

What are common features of prokaryotic cells?

A

unicellular, no nucleus, has a cell wall

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13
Q

What are viruses?

A

non-living, obligate intracellular parasites, ARE NOT CELLS

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14
Q

What domains are eukaryotes?

A

protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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15
Q

What are common features of eukaryotic cells?

A

uni- or multicellular, have nucleus, have organelles, some have cell walls.

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16
Q

How much is a micrometer?

A

one millionth of a meter (10^-6)

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17
Q

How much is a nanometer?

A

one billionth of a meter (10^-9)

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18
Q

What are the limitations to cell size?

A
  • genetic regulation
  • suface to area volume
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19
Q

What are some aspects of genetic regulation that limit cell size?

A

translation requires mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome to find each other and if the cell is too big it is harder to find

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20
Q

What is the cell size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotic cells are 1/10 to 1/100 micrometers of the size of eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

What is the cell size of viruses?

A

1/10 to 1/100 micrometers of the size of prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

Differences between archaea and bacteria?

A

1) No peptidoglycan (cell wall structure)
2) Use of histones (like Euk)
3) Use of methionine (like Euk)
4) Extremophile tendencies

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22
Q

What makes a cell prokaryotic?

A

1) have no true nucleus
2) reproduce asexually (binary fission)
3) have circular chromosomes
4) are unicellular

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23
Q

What is the glycocalyx? & what are the types of glycocalyx?

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL
material surrounding the cell, often a thick sticky sugar coat

2 types are capsule & slime layer

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24
Q

Which type of glycocalyx is more stable?

A

capsule

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25
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL
long filament(s) used for taxis (stimulus directed movement)

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26
Q

What is the fimbriae?

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL
small hair-like projections used for attachment to surfaces

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27
Q

What is the pili?

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL
long hair-like projection for motility, also DNA transfer (conjugation)

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28
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

semi-rigid structure that maintains cell shape
-Lies immediately below the glycocalyx
-Provides the bacteria with structure/protection

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29
Q

What is the meaning of gram positive cell wall composition?

A

cell wall made of thick layer of peptidoglycan (cross-linked sugars)

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30
Q

What is the meaning of gram negative cell wall composition?

A

cell wall made of a thin layer of peptidoglycan, have an outer layer of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (membrane layer loaded with sugar molecules)

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31
Q

How might the differences in gram positive and gram negative cell wall compositions effect susceptibility to antibiotics like penicillin?

A

gram positive is antibiotic resistant as the antibiotic can move quicker in and out through the cell.

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32
Q

What are the membranes and cytoplasm in a cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytosol

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33
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what is in it?

A

Everything inside the cell
Including:
- cytosol
- ribosomes
- genetic material

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34
Q

What is cytosol?

A

cytoplasmic fluid w/ nutrients, salts, and proteins

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35
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small circular DNA pieces w/ non-essential genes in prokaryotic cells

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36
Q

What are nucleoids?

A

double-stranded circular chromosome (DNA) w/ essential genes

37
Q

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

A

the nucleotides and plasmids

38
Q

What is the cell wall in eukaryotes?

A

a rigid outer cell boundary present in plants, fungi, and many protists (provides structure and stability)

39
Q

what does a cell wall look like in plants?

A

1 and 2 prime cell walls made of cellulose

40
Q

what does the cell wall look like in fungi?

A

there is generally a single cell wall made of chitin

41
Q

what does the cell wall look like in protists?

A

there is generally a single cell wall made of a variety of stuff

42
Q

Where is the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell?

A

in the intracellular space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

43
Q

What is in the cytoplasm in an eukaryotic cell?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • proteins and ribosomes
  • organelles
  • inclusions (glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles crystals)
44
Q

What is the cytosol in an eukaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasmic fluid w/ nutrients, sugars, salts, and proteins

45
Q

what cells have ribosomes?

A

ALL CELLS

46
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

free & membrane bound

47
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis (translation)

48
Q

what are free ribosomes?

A

synthesize soluble proteins for cytosol or other organelles

48
Q

What are membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

bound to ER, synthesize proteins to be trafficked

48
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

the membrane associated structures of the cell that allow
- intracellular trafficking
- compartmentalizing function

49
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

contains genomic DNA (chromatin)

49
Q

What are the 6 major components of the end-membrane system?

A
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vesicles
  • cell membrane
50
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the dark region of the nucleus associated with forming rRNA

51
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

a membrane bilayer surrounding the nucleus which contains nuclear pores to regulate what gets in and out

52
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

the inner contents of the nucleus (nucleus cytoplasm)

52
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

dense fibrous protein network provides structure to the nucleus facilitates its disassembly during cell division

52
Q

What is the nuclear matrix?

A

network of nuclear fibers within the nucleus; scaffold to establish designated chromosome territories

53
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

network of membrane sacs which synthesize and store proteins and other molecules it is connected to the nuclear envelope

54
Q

What are the 2 types of ERs?

A

rough ER and smooth ER

55
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

an organelle involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins for trafficking of the cell

**ROUGH W/ RIBOSOMES

56
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

site of lipid (fats and steroids) synthesis, Ca ion storage, some carb. metabolism, and detoxification

57
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

the network of flattened membrane sacs (saccule)

58
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A
  • protein and lipid modification
  • transport throughout the cell in vesicles
59
Q

What are lysomes and what do they do?

A

small membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi

60
Q

What do lysomes do?

A
  • contain acids and hydrolytic enzymes
  • breaks down/recycles molecules
  • same process used to kill bacteria
60
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

a bilayer of phospholipids which controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

61
Q

what are the primary function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • protect the cell
  • maintain ion concentrations (osmotic balance) of various substances
  • selectively permeable (allows some molecules in, others are kept out)
  • cell-to-cell communication
  • cell adhesion
62
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

Double membraned structure where the inner membrane is highly folded into Cristae to increase inner surface area.

63
Q

What is the matrix in the mitochondria?

A

the inner most space, most reactions take place here

63
Q

What are the chloroplasts?

A

double membrane bound and used for photosynthesis
- have own ribosomes and DNA
- contain chlorophyll (green pigment)

64
Q

What are parts of the chloroplast?

A

thylakoid (flattened sacs), grana (stacks of thylakoid), stroma (inner part of chloroplast)

64
Q

Whats the relationship between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic organelles resembles prokaryotic cells

65
Q

What are cytoskeletal structures?

A
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
  • centrioles and centrosomes
66
Q

What is the flagella?

A

long hair-like projections used for motility (different composition for prokaryotic/eukaryotic flagella)

66
Q

What is cilia?

A

Tiny hairlike projections used to propel substances along the surface of the tissue and for motility(Like in your throat/esophogus)

67
Q

What is microvilli?

A

minute, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
- increase SA for absorption

68
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in animal and plant cells?

A
  • epithelium
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
69
Q

how is epithelium tissue used?

A

body linings and surfaces

69
Q

Are plant and animal tissues similar?

A

no, they evolved differently

70
Q

what does connective tissue do?

A

exhibit secreted extracellular matrix

71
Q

what are the two types of cell walls in plants?

A

primary and secondary

72
Q

what is the primary cell wall?

A

produced during cell growth

73
Q

what is the secondary cell wall

A

thickened more rigid structure (different molecular structure)

74
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of in animal cells?

A

proteoglycans (protein core surrounded by glycosaminoglycans aka GAGs)

75
Q

What forms proteoglycans with GAGs in animal cells?

A

collagen and elastin

76
Q

What is epithelial tissue made of?

A

mix of collagen and laminins

77
Q

What does connective tissue excrete?

A

large amounts of ECM

78
Q

What are the 3 types of junctions in animal cells?

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

79
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

use proteins (Claudius and occludins) to form an impermeable barrier

80
Q

what do anchoring junctions and desmosomes do?

A

use cadherins (calcium0dependent adhesion proteins) for support
- shape change

81
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

use connexions to permit ion flow by forming channels between cells

BI 220 Cell Bio (2 decks)

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