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Body Logistics > Cell Tissue > Flashcards

Cell Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

How is loose connective tissue composed?

A

Many cells, high content of ground substance, sparse collagen fibres

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2
Q

Describe the structure of a proteoglycan.

A

A core protein with many side-chain sugars, of which many are glycoaminoglycans

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3
Q

How are glycoaminoglycans charged? What affect does this charge have?

A

Glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged - this attracts positively charged Na+ ions, drawing with it water

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4
Q

Describe the 2 segments that make up elastin.

A

A hydrophobic region, which provides the molecules elasticity - an alanine-lysine residue rich region, responsible for cross-linkage of the elastin molecules to make a fibre

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5
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The underlying layer of tissue to which the epithlial cells are anchored - this separates the epithelia from surrounding connective tissue and keeps cells in their proper compartments

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6
Q

What is the role of integrin?

A

Integrins attach the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

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7
Q

How is paracrine secretion different to autocrine secretion?

A

Paracrine secretion acts on cells locally (ie adjacent cells) while auto crime secretion involves the cell acting on itself

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8
Q

What is endocrine secretion?

A

Endocrine secretion involves secretion of molecules/hormones into circulation via the blood stream

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9
Q

What process involved the eukaryotic uptake of a prokaryote now known as mitochondria?

A

Endosymbiosis

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10
Q

What is controlled cell death; apoptosis or necrosis?

A

Apoptosis

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11
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Connective

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12
Q

What type of bond attaches GAGs to the core proteoglycan protein?

A

Covalent

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13
Q

What are keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate?

A

Sulphated GAGs

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14
Q

How is the ground substance different to the extracellular matrix?

A

The ground substance is a mixture of proteoglycan and water - the extracellular matrix contains further molecules such as collagen fibrils and extracellular proteins etc

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15
Q

How is dense connective tissue composed?

A

Few cells, many collagen fibres, low amount of ground substance

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16
Q

What substance does loose connective tissue resemble? What surfaces is loose connective tissue mostly associated with, and how does it impact these surfaces upon infection?

A

Lost connective tissue resembles a viscous gel - it is mainly associated with the epithelia, and can swell considerably when they become infected

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17
Q

What is the dermis? What is the epidermis?

A

The dermis is the skin - the epidermis is the outer-most layer of the skin

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18
Q

We know that dense connective tissue has a high abundance of collagen fibres. How does the orientation of these fibres differ in regular and irregular tissue?

A

In regular tissue, college bundles are all positioned parallel to on another in the same direction - in irregular tissue, collagen fibres are arranged in bundles which are orientated in various different directions

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19
Q

Is the dermis regarded as a regular or irregular dense connective tissue?

A

Irregular dense connective tissue

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20
Q

How does the differing structure of regular and irregular dense connective tissue affect its function?

A

Regular dense connective tissue is designed to withstand pressure in just one direction (as in a joint/ligament) while irregular dense connective tissue is designed to withstand pressure in multiple directions (as in the skin)

21
Q

What is a ligament? Describe its tissue.

A

A ligament joins bone to bone - it consists of regular dense connective tissue (densely-packed collagen bundles), seperated by loose connective tissue

22
Q

What 2 substances do fibroblast secrete? What is their activity mainly associated with?

A

Fibroblasts secrete procollagen and ground substance - they are associated with wound healing, specifically with closing the wound and the formation of scar tissue

23
Q

Why aren’t mast cells located in the CNS?

A

The histamine they secrete increases vessel wall permeability and so induces oedema, which is damaging

24
Q

List 2 granules that a mast cell might secrete. What are their effects?

A

Mast cells secrete:

  • histamine - increases the vascular cell wall permeability
  • heparin - an anticoagulant
25
Q

What vitamin is associated with collagen synthesis? What disease is associated with a lack of this vitamin?

A

Vitamin C, a deficiency in which can cause scurvy

26
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

A structure that attaches a cell to an adjacent cell

27
Q

What is the difference between a gap junction and a tight junction? Where do they reside?

A

Both reside on the lateral domain of the cell - gap junctions allow movement of ions throughout a cell, while tight junctions prevent molecules from moving through the intercellular space

28
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

Specialised anchoring cells that anchor the epithelia to the basement membrane

29
Q

State what structures desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and integrins anchor an epithelial cell to.

A

Desmosome - attach adjacent cells to one another
Hemidesmosome - anchor cells to the basement membrane
Integrin - anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix (collagen)

30
Q

Is there a relationship between a cell types renewal rate and its propensity to develop cancer?

A

Yes

31
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is the movement of particles out of a cell and endocytosis is the movement of particles into a cell

32
Q

List 2 organelles found in eukaryotic cells which are found in prokaryotic cells.

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

33
Q

What is the name of an epithelial cell that has no free surface?

A

Epithelioid

34
Q

Name 1 unique glycoaminoglycan?

A

Hyaluronic acid

35
Q

What process does the composition of loose connective tissue aid?

A

Diffusion

36
Q

Briefly, what mechanism results in the release of granules from a mast cell?

A

The mast cell becomes coated in IgE - these them form cross-links with allergens, resulting in the release of the mast cell contents

37
Q

What is the most common protein in the human body?

A

Collagen

38
Q

What type(s) of cartilage contain type II collagen?

A

Hyaline and elastic cartilage

39
Q

Describe the structure of collagen. What amino acid is particularly key in this formation?

A

Collagen is a triple helix of alpha chains - glycine allows the 3 alpha helical chains to pack tightly together as it is the smallest amino acid

40
Q

What disorder does abnormal type I collagen result in?

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

41
Q

What type of collagen is reticulin (reticular fibres) composed of?

A

Type III collagen

42
Q

What is the elastin in elastic fibres surrounded by?

A

Fibrillin

43
Q

Suggest a disease caused by abnormal elastic fibres. What part of the elastic fibre is abnormal?

A

A mutation in the gene coding for the reticulin surrounding elastin may lead to a disorder called Marfan’s Syndrome

44
Q

What kind of symptoms might you expect from an individual suffering from Marfan’s Syndrome?

A

Individuals with Marfan’s syndrome are abnormally tall, exhibit arachnodactyly, have frequent joint dislocation, and are at severe risk or an aortic rupture

45
Q

Is the majority of adipose tissue in the human body white or brown fat?

A

White fat

46
Q

What is the maim role of white fat?

A

As a reserve source of fuel, though they also have a role in shock absorption and insulation

47
Q

What is the main role of brown fat?

A

Brown fat is primarily a heat generator

48
Q

Why is brown fat brown?

A

Due to a high number of mitochondria, which underlie respiratory capacity to generate heat

49
Q

What type of collagen is the major contributor to Fibrillin?

A

Type III collagen

Body Logistics (13 decks)

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