Cell to Cell Communication

Question 1

What is outside the membrane of a cell?

Answer 1

• Extracellular matrix (ECM)

- Cell walls

Question 2

Extracellular matrix is found in what kind of tissues?

Answer 2

Animal Tissues

Question 3

What are the main components of the Extracellular Matrix?

Answer 3

• Collagen

- Proteoglycans

Question 4

What are the functions (3) of the Extracellular Matrix?

Answer 4

• Support
• Segregate tissues
• Regulation of intercellular communication

Question 5

Cell walls are found in what?

Answer 5

Plants (and bacteria, fungi, and some protists)

Question 6

What are the major functions (3) of the cell wall?

Answer 6

• Protection
• Maintain shape
• Prevent excess water uptake

Question 7

What do tight junctions do?

Answer 7

Seal cells together

Question 8

What do desmosomes do?

Answer 8

Connect the cytoskeletons of cells

Question 9

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 9

Act as cell channels between cells

Question 10

What:

• forms water tight seal between cells
• restrict passive movement

Answer 10

Tight Junctions

Question 11

What:

• binds the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells together
• cell to cell adhesions are selective

Answer 11

Desmosomes

Question 12

Name of the protein in desmosomes that link cells

Answer 12

Cadherins

Question 13

What:

• is found in animal cells
• membrane proteins line up to form channels between cells
• allows passage of ions and small molecules

Answer 13

Gap Junctions

Question 14

What:

• is found in plant cells
• membrane lined channels through cell wall connect adjacent cells

Answer 14

Plasmodesmata

Question 15

What is used for long-distance signaling between cells?

Answer 15

Hormones (endocrine signaling)

Question 16

The ability of a cell to respond to endocrine signaling is based on what?

Answer 16

If the cell has receptors that can bind the signaling molecule (hormone)

Question 17

What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?

Answer 17

• Reception
• Transduction
• Response

Question 18

The receptor on a cell changes its shape due to what?

Answer 18

Binding of a signaling molecule

Question 19

Review the process associated with each of the 3 steps of Cell Signaling!

Answer 19

Review: Reception, Transduction, and Response

Question 20

What are the 3 main types of membrane receptors?

Answer 20

• G-protein coupled receptors
• Tyrosine kinase receptors
• Ion channel receptors

Question 21

What are plasma membrane receptors that are associated with G proteins?

Answer 21

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Question 22

What are membrane receptors with enzymatic activity which attach phosphates to tyrosine residues?

Answer 22

Receptor Tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

Question 23

What gets activated by the RTKs?

Answer 23

the Ras (G protein)

Question 24

Abnormally activated RTKs are associated with what?

Answer 24

Types of cancer

Question 25

What includes: - binding of ligand causes conformational change - when gate opens, specific ions can pass through

Answer 25

Ion Channel Receptors

Question 26

What stage of cell signaling allows the signal to amplify?

Answer 26

Transduction

Question 27

What are small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules that can easily spread a message throughout a cell?

Answer 27

Second Messengers

Question 28

What are the 2 most common Second Messengers?

Answer 28

- Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | - Calcium ions (CA^2+)

Question 29

What does cAMP stand for?

Answer 29

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Question 30

What is cAMP made from?

Answer 30

Adenylyl Cyclase ATP

Question 31

Are the levels of CA^2+ higher outside or inside of the cell?

Answer 31

Outside of the cell

Question 32

Review Specificity and Coordination of Response slide!

Answer 32

Review.

Question 33

What is it called where multiple pathways interact to modify response?

Answer 33

Crosstalk

Question 34

In order to respond to new signals what must happen?

Answer 34

Old signals must be shut off

Question 35

Is binding of signaling molecules to receptors reversible?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

Is the process of reception and signal transduction similar between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Answer 36

Yes