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Biology-Biological Membranes > Cell Transport > Flashcards

Cell Transport Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

The net or overall movement of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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2
Q

What type of process is diffusion?

A

Passive process

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3
Q

When will diffusion stop?

A

It’ll continue until there is a concentration equilibrium between two areas.

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4
Q

What does equilibrium mean?

A

A balance or no difference in concentrations.

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5
Q

What causes diffusion to happen?

A

Due to the particles in a gas or liquid having kinetic energy. The movement is random and a unequal distribution of particles will eventually become and equal distribution.

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6
Q

In equilibrium, do the particles stop moving?

A

No, the movements are just equal in both directions.

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7
Q

What purpose does the phospholipid bi-layer have in facilitated diffusion?

A

Barriers to polar molecules and ions.

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8
Q

What do membranes contain which allow polar molecules and ions pass through?

A

Channel Proteins

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9
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Diffusion across a membrane through protein channels.

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10
Q

What type of permeability do membranes with protein channels have?

A

Selectively permeable.

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11
Q

Why are these membranes selectively permeable?

A

Most protein channels are specific to one molecule or ion.

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12
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what is the rate dependent on?

A

-Temperature-Concentration Gradient-Membrane Surface Area-Thickness-Number of Channel Proteins present

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13
Q

How does the number of protein channels effect the rate of diffusion?

A

The more protein channels, the higher the rate of diffusion overall.

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14
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (against concentration gradient) involving a carrier protein (in a plasma membrane) and requiring ATP as an immediate source of energy.

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15
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenine Triphosphate

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16
Q

What does ATP do and allow?

A

Provides energy for active transport which allows conformational change in a protein.

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17
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

Produced in cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

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18
Q

What enzyme do transport systems contain?

A

ATPase

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19
Q

What does ATPase do?

A

Catalyses the breakdown of ATP

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20
Q

How is ADP formed?

A

It removes a phosphate from ATP.

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21
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenine Diphosphate.

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22
Q

Examples of Active Transport happening?

A

-Mineral ions into root hair cells.-Glucose out of kidney tubules into blood.-Sodium ions out of the body into the salt glands.

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23
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

Much larger objects sometimes need to enter and exit the cell and this cannot happen via the membrane so occurs via an active process.

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24
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

The bulk transport of material into cells.

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25
What are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis for solids and pinocytosis for liquids.
26
What is the first step in endocytosis?
Cell surface membrane first invaginates when it comes into contact with the material to be transported.
27
What is the second step in endocytosis?
Membrane enfolds the material until the membrane fuses and forms a vesicle.
28
What is the third step in endocytosis?
The vesicle pinches off and moved into the cytoplasm to transfer the material for further processing within the cell.
29
What is exocytosis?
Reverse of endocytosis.
30
What is the first step in exocytosis?
Vesicles move towards and fuse with the cell surface membrane.
31
What is the second step in exocytosis?
The contents of the vesicle are then released outside of the cell.
32
What is Osmosis?
The net movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
33
What is the symbol for water potential?
Ψ
34
What is water pressure?
The pressure exerted by water molecules as they collide with a membrane or container.
35
What are the units of water potential?
kilopascals (kPa)
36
What is the highest water potential?
0
37
What substance has the highest water potential?
Pure Water
38
What has a negative water potential?
All solutions.
39
What increases water potential?
Pressure.
40
What decreases water potential?
Solute.
41
What type of transport is osmosis?
Passive.
42
What are the 3 types of tonicity?
HypertonicIsotonicHypotonic
43
What does it mean if a solution is Hypertonic?
The solute concentration in solution is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell.
44
What does it mean if a solution is Isotonic?
The solute concentration in solution is the same than the solute concentration inside the cell.
45
What does it mean if a solution is Hypotonic?
The solute concentration in solution is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell.
46
In an animal cell, if it has a hypotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?
Enters the cell.
47
What is the state of this cell now? (hypotonic)
Swells and bursts. (Cytolisis)
48
In an animal cell, if it has a Isotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?
No change
49
In an animal cell, if it has a hypertonic WP, what is the next movement of water?
Leaves cell.
50
What is the state of this cell now? (hypertonic)
Shrinks (crenates)
51
Why is osmosis different in plant cells?
Plants are unable to control the water potential of surrounding fluids.
52
What feature do plants have to help osmosis?
Strong cellulose cell wall.
53
What happens in plants when in a hypotonic solution? And what does this increase?
Water enters the cell via osmosis.Increases hydrostatic pressure and pushes the membrane against the cell wall.
54
What is this pressure called and what does it resist?
Turgor and resists the entry of water.
55
In an plant cell, if it has a hypotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?
Enters cell.
56
What is the condition of the protoplast now? (hypotonic)
Swells and becomes turgid.
57
In an plant cell, if it has a isotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?
Water constantly enters and leaves but at equal rates.
58
What is the condition of the protoplast now? (isotonic)
No change.
59
In an plant cell, if it has a hypertonic WP, what is the next movement of water?
Leaves cell.
60
What is the condition of the protoplast now? (hypertonic)
Plasmolysis, contents shrink.

Biology-Biological Membranes (5 decks)

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