cell ultrastructure

Question 1

nuclear envelope

Answer 1

double membrane around the nucleus which contains lots of pores

Question 2

chromosomes

Answer 2

made of linear dna bound to protein

Question 3

nuclear pore

Answer 3

holes in the nuclear envelope that lets things move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 4

nucleolus

Answer 4

makes ribosomes

(there can be more than one nucleolus in a nucleus)

Question 5

mitochondria

Answer 5

release energy in the form of ATP from aerobic respiration

Question 6

cristae

Answer 6

folds in the membrane to increase surface area

enzymes for respiration are found here

Question 7

matrix

Answer 7

fluid filled middle part of the mitochondria

Question 8

inner membrane

Answer 8

layer of membrane that can be folded to form the cristae

can control movement in + out of the mitochondria

Question 9

outer membrane

Answer 9

layer of membrane on the outside of the organelle

it controls what enters + leaves

Question 10

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

makes steroids and lipids

looks like a system of tubes in the cytoplasm

Question 11

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

makes proteins for export outside of the cell

looks like a system of tubes with dots on the surface

Question 12

free ribosomes

Answer 12

make proteins for use in the cell

looks like a large subunit with a smaller subunit on top

Question 13

size of a ribosome in an animal cell

Answer 13

80s

Question 14

golgi body

Answer 14

modifies the proteins/lipids/steroids from endoplasmic reticulum by adding carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins

package substances into vesicles for export

Question 15

lysosomes

Answer 15

break down old organelles via hydrolysis reaction

lysozyme enzymes

Question 16

cell wall

Answer 16

provides support for the plant cell

Question 17

what are plant cell walls made from?

Answer 17

cellulose

Question 18

what is cellulose made from?

Answer 18

beta glucose

Question 19

vacuole

Answer 19

stores cell sap

Question 20

thylakoid membrane and granum

Answer 20

find chlorophyll there

to absorb light for photosynthesis

Question 21

what is a prokaryotic cell wall made from?

Answer 21

murein

Question 22

capsule (prokaryotic cell)

Answer 22

made of secreted slime to help the bacteria be protected from attack by cells of the immune system

Question 23

plasmids

Answer 23

small loop of dna that aren’t part of the main dna molecules in a prokaryotic cell

Question 24

flagellum

Answer 24

long hair like structure, rotates to make the cell move

Question 25

why are viruses acellular?

Answer 25

they aren't cellular - aren't alive

Question 26

what do virus particles consist of?

Answer 26

capsid (protein coat) core of genetic material attachment proteins

Question 27

what do virus particles not have?

Answer 27

cytoplasm, cell surface membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

Question 28

what do the attachment proteins do?

Answer 28

allow the virus to cling onto a host cell

Question 28

what is cell specialisation?

Answer 28

when cells become specialised in structure to suit the role it has to carry out all contain exactly the same genes

Question 29

what is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 29

a cell that contains membrane bound organelles