CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, CELLULAR APPENDAGES Flashcards by ARRIANE CYREL CAMACHO

• Rigid structure that surrounds the CM

CELL WALL

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• Present in most bacteria

CELL WALL

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• Composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN

CELL WALL

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o Exclusive to bacteria

o MUREIN

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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o Composition of PEPTIDOGLYCAN

 Carbohydrate backbone

 Peptide

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 Carbohydrate backbone

N-acetylmuramic acid

* N-acetylglucosamine acid

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• FOR CONFERING SHAPE TO THE CELL

CELL WALL

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• PROTECTION FROM OSMOLYSIS

CELL WALL

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• DETERMINE GRAM’S REACTION

CELL WALL

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• SITE OF ANTIGENIC DETERMINATION

CELL WALL

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• SITE OF ANTIBIOTIC FUNCTION

CELL WALL

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digest peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall

antibiotics

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Certain types of cells have no walls or have very little material

ATYPICAL CELL WALL

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o Smallest bacteria
o Has STEROLS in their CM
o Have no CW

Mycoplasma species

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o Wall-less normal cells

• L-FORMS

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o Parent cell have cell walls but are affected by factors that cause digestion of cell wall

 Chemical

 Physical

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o Types of L-forms

 PROTOPLAST (G+)

 SPHEROPLAST (G-)

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Composed of a SINGLE LAYER of peptidoglycan

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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Thinner (10 to 20%)

- 8 to 11 nm

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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Lies outside the thin peptidog. layer

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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Firmly linked to peptidg.

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL is consists of:

o Lipopolysaccharides
o Lipoproteins
o Phospholipids

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 Large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbs

o Lipopolysaccharides

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o Lipopolysaccharides is  consists of 3 components

LIPID A
CORE POLYSACCHARIDE
OUTER POLYSACCHARIDE

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GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL is bonded to lipoprotein in the

OUTER MEMBRANE

- Peptidoglycan of g- cell wall is founded in the

PERIPLASM

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL do not contain

TEICHOIC ACID

- More susceptible to mechanical breakage

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL

- Responsible for the symptoms associated with infections by gram (-) bacteria (Fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting)

LIPID A

- Lipid portion of the LPS

LIPID A

- Embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane

LIPID A

- Functions as endotoxin

LIPID A

- Attached to lipid A

CORE POLYSACCHARIDE

- Contains 5 sugars that vary from species to species but common in a group and phosphate

CORE POLYSACCHARIDE

- Provide stability

CORE POLYSACCHARIDE

- Extends outward from the core polysacch

OUTER POLYSACCHARIDE

acts as an antigen bacteria

- O polysaccharides

- Comparable to TA of g+ cell wall

outer polysaccharide

- Comparable to lipotheicoic acid of g+ cell wall

Braun's

- MULTIPLE LAYERS of peptidoglycan (60-100%) | - 20 to 80 nanometers

GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL

- Made up of an alcohol and phosphate (Ribitol phosphate)

TEICHOIC ACID

- 2 classes of TA

o Lipoteichoic Acid | o Wall Teichoic Acid

spans the peptidog. Layer and is linked in the PLASMA MEMBRANE

o Lipoteichoic Acid

linked to PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

o Wall Teichoic Acid

o CM is dynamic or changing; Flowing CM

• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

• For semipermeability

CELL MEMBRANE

o Regulate the passage of substances – OSMOSIS; o Protection from OSMOTIC LYSIS

semipermeability

influx of water into the bacterial cell wall

 Plasmoptysis

diffusion (efflux) of water from the bacterial cell

 Plasmolysis

• Location for specific transport system

- Carrier mediated | - Specificity

- Carrier mediated

PERMEASE

 Solute can move in and out of the cell in either direction

o Facilitated Diffusion

 From a region of higher to lower solute conc

o Facilitated Diffusion

 Least type of bacterial transport

o Facilitated Diffusion

 Lower to higher concentrations

o Active Transport

 Require energy expenditure

o Active Transport

 Much common in bacteria

o Active Transport

 Similar to active transport

o Group Translocation

 Carrier-mediated

o Group Translocation

 The solid is modified when it passes the CM

o Group Translocation

 Oxidative phosphorylation results in the production of adenosine triphosphate

o Energy Generation

o Used in biosynthesis

• LOCATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS

o Important in absorptive food acquisition

• LOCATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS

o Formation of the components of the cell wall

• LOCATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS

- Movement of bacterial cells in response to chemical stimulus

• CHEMOTAXIS

- Some of the proteins act as sensing bodies of the environment

• CHEMOTAXIS

chemotaxis towards the chem stimulus

o Positive Chemotaxis

chemotaxis away from the chem stimulus

o Negative Chemotaxis

 Cytoplasmic invagination of the CM

o Mesosome

 Facilitates the separation of chromosome

o Mesosome

 Origin of the transverse septum

o Mesosome

- gen term for substances that surround the cell

• GLYCOCALYX

- viscous, gelatinous polymer

• GLYCOCALYX

- network of polysacch/polypep extending to the surface of bacteria

CAPSULE

- present in some bact

• GLYCOCALYX

ORGANIZED and FIRMLY attached to cell wall

CAPSULE

DISORGANIZED and LOOSELY attached to the cell wall

SLIME

o Capsule can be determined by

NEGATIVE STAINING

Capsule is made up of what polypeptide

GLUTAMIC ACID

4 major functions of capsule

1. Protection 2. Attachment 3. Antigenic determinant (K-antigen) 4. Source of nutrition

- helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target envi to each other - protects the cells w/in biofilms - facilitates communication among them

5. BIOFILMS

EXTRACELULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES - s. mutans

BIOFILMS

due to its viscosity, it inhibits movement of nutrients out of the cell

6. Protection againt dehydration

THREAD-LIKE locomotor appendages

• FLAGELLUM

slender, rigid structures

• FLAGELLUM

20 nm across and 15 - 20nm long

• FLAGELLUM

moves in rotational manner

• FLAGELLUM

• FLAGELLUM is composed of protein called

FLAGELLIN

confers motility or locomotion

• FLAGELLUM

whip-lashing flagellum

Eukaryotic

rotational flagellum

Prokaryotic

3 FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE

1. FILAMENT 2. BASAL BODY 3. HOOK

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that extends from the cell surface to the tip

FILAMENT

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that contains flagellin arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core

FILAMENT

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that is not covered by a membrane or sheath in most bacteria

FILAMENT

attached to a HOOK

FILAMENT

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that is embedded in the cell and is made up of series of rings

BASAL BODY

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

BASAL BODY

composed of a small central rod inserted into a series of rings

BASAL BODY

joins together the fiilament and the basal body

HOOK

FUNCTIONS OF FLAGELLUM: | 1. Locomotion

- counter-clockwise | - clockwise

FUNCTIONS OF FLAGELLUM: - “H” Antigen: derived from the term Hauch

Site of antigenic determinant

o Flagella may be distributed over the entire cell

1. Peritricous

o Single flagellum at one pole

2. Monotrichous

o Tuft of flagella at one pole of the cell

3. Lophotrichous

o Flagella at both poles of the cell

4. Amphitrichous

LONGER THAN FIMBRAE

• PILI

cell can have either one or two

• PILI

motility

• PILI

a pilus extends by addition of

pilin

makes contact with a surface or another cell

• PILI

retracts as the pilin units disassembled

• PILI

"grappling hook model"

• PILI

LOCOMOTION OF PILI

TWITCHNG MOTILITY

type of pili that fx for attachment to surfaces

1. Ordinary/common

type of pili that plays a role in the pathogenecity

1. Ordinary/common

o Involved in the conjugation (transfer of gene) process

2. Sex pili

o Transfer mechanism for genes between bacterial cells

2. Sex pili

o Involved in the formation of biofilms

• FIMBREA

o Adherence to epithelial surfaces

• FIMBREA

o Facilitating colonization of the area

• FIMBREA

incorporated in the membrane

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

"endoflagellum"

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

made up of bundles of fibers that arise from one end of the cell and spiral into the cell towards the other end of the cell

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

- beneath the outer sheath

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

confers motility to spirchetes only

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

rotation of the axial filaments produces a movement of the outer sheath that propels the spirochete in a

spiral motion

locomotion of AXIAL FILAMENTS

cork-screw motility

thick, aqueous, semi-transparent and elastic

BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM

site for metabolism and growth

BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM

BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM is consist of

CYTOSOL

semifluid mass of proteins, amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, salts, vitamins and ions dissolved in water

CYTOSOL

bacterial cytoplasm lacks these 2

- CYTOSKELETON | - CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING

spherical, elongated or dumbbell-shaped

1. NUCLEIOD

occupies < 20% of cell volume

1. NUCLEIOD

analogous to the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

1. NUCLEIOD

area of the chromosomal material

1. NUCLEIOD

single, long, continuous circular thread of DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

attached to the plasma membrane

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

contains genetic info

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

absence of proteins (histones) and nuclear envelope

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

small circular double-stranded DNA

2. PLASMIDS

about 1/10 of the bacterial chromosome

2. PLASMIDS

extra chromosomal genetic elements

2. PLASMIDS

contains only 5 to 100 gene

2. PLASMIDS

not IMPORTANT for cell viability but advantage

PLASMID of bacterial cell

can be transferred and used to transfer short genes to organisms

PLASMID of bacterial cell

confers additional trait to the cell

PLASMID of bacterial cell

Additional traits of plasmids to the cell

- antibiotic resistance - tolerance to toxic substances - production of toxins

EXAMPLES OF PLASMIDS

1. F-FACTOR 2. R-FACTOR 3. BACTERIOCENOGENIC FACTOR

• Ability to form sex pili

F-FACTOR

• Resistance of bacterial cells for certain antibiotics

R-FACTOR

BACTERIOCENOGENIC FACTOR produces

BACTERIOCIN

• BACTERIOCENOGENIC FACTOR - Proteins produced can inhibit the growth of other bacteria

o COLICIN | o PYOCIN

o COLICIN: Escherichia coli | o PYOCIN: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

- state found in the cytoplasm

1. FREE STATE

- state found incorporated with the bacterial chromosome

2. INTEGRATED STATE

made up of proteins (40%) and (60%)

3. RIBOSOME

- for protein synthesis

3. RIBOSOME

gives the cytoplasm a granular appearance

3. RIBOSOME

common to prokaryotic cells

3. RIBOSOME

70 Svedberg units - 30S - 50S

(PROKARYOTIC)

80 Svedberg units - 40S - 60S

(EUKARYOTIC)

the relative rate of sedimentation during ultracentrifugation

Svedberg unit

functions of ribosomes

1. Site of protein synthesis 2. Site of antibiotic action 3. SELECTIVE TOXICITY

several kinds of reserve deposits on the cytoplasm

INCLUSION

“FOOD RESERVES”

INCLUSION

avoid an increase in osmotic pressure w/in the cell

INCLUSION

INCLUSION is made up of

CARBON and ENERGY RESERVES

COMPOSITION of INCLUSION

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  GLYCOGEN  POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS  POLYPHOSPHATES  METACHROMATIC GRANULES

reddish brown and blue

 GLYCOGEN

sudan red

 POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE

• Stains red with methylene blue stain

 METACHROMATIC GRANULES

• Match granules

* Babes-Ernst granules | * “VOLUTIN” granules

produced in response to harsh environmental conditions

5. ENDOSPORES

small, dormant (inactive), asexual spores

5. ENDOSPORES

process of endospore formation within the vegetative cells

 SPORULATION

process of endospores turning back to their vegetative coat

 GERMINATION

 GERMINATION is triggered by

damage to endospore coat

1 ENDOSPORE =

1 BACTERIAL CELL

o Endospore has resistance to:

```  Chemical agents  Temperature changes  Starvation  Dehydration  Radiation  Desiccation ```

 MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION BY ENDOSPORES

o THICK SPORE ENVELOPE o DEHYDRATED STATE o CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE

thickest layer composed of modified peptidoglycan

 Spore cortex

have keratin-like proteins that contributes to hydrophobic property

 Spore coat

delicate membrane made up of lipids and carbohydrates

 Exosporium

 Spore will only contain 15% water in the [?] making them less susceptible to heating

protoplasm

WILL REQUIRE WATER

 Responsible to the heat resistance of endospore

o CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE

 CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT SPORE-FORMERS:

o Bacillus species | o Clostridium species

 Central spore  Subterminal spore  Terminal spore

o Bacillus species

```  Swollen sporangia  Drumstick bacillus  Tennis racket bacillus  Tackhead bacillus  Lollipop bacillus ```

o Clostridium species

 TYPES OF SPORES:

o Central spore o Subterminal spore o Terminal spore with swollen sporangium

CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, CELLULAR APPENDAGES Flashcards

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