Cells

Question 1

Define a prokaryote cell

Answer 1

No nucleus
Far smaller than a Eukaryote
No organelles 
Has a cell wall 
Rapid mitosis 
Types: bacteria, archea
Unicellular

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a nuclear membrane-enclosed nucleus.

Question 2

Define a eukaryote cell

Answer 2

Nucleus
Bigger than prokaryote
Organelles present
Types: human, animal cells, plants, fungi
Only plays/fungi have cell walls
Human and animal cells do not have a cell wall
Unicellular or multi cellular

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of life

7

different 
mums 
react
greatly 
questioning
more 
rarely

Answer 3

• metabolism
• reproduction
• growth
• vital force/QI/life force
• movement
• differentiation
• responsiveness

Question 4

Characteristics of death

Answer 4

• loss of heart beat
• loss of brain function
• no vital force
• absence of breathing

Question 5

Define homeostasis

Answer 5

The condition of equilibrium/balance in the body’s internal environment which is maintained by the body’s own regulatory processes

Question 6

Define homeostatic control and what it is made up of

Answer 6

1. Disruptors: change in homeostatic parameter
2. Detectors: receptors that detect the disruption
3. Control center: evaluates input to generate output
4. Effectors: structures that receive the output e.g. sweating, dilation of blood vessels

Question 7

A feedback system is a group of receptors and effectors communicating with their control center. What is the difference between negative and positive feedback

Answer 7

Negative: the output reverses the input e.g. body temperature, bloody pressure
Positive: amplifies/strengthens change in one of the body’s controlled conditions e.g. childbirth, bloody clotting, milk production

Question 8

Systems of the human body -12

Answer 8

Skeletal 
Digestive
Lymphatic 
Cardiovascular 
Respiratory 
Urinary 
Nervous 
Immune 
Endocrine 
Muscular 
Integumentary
Reproductive

Question 9

Body cavities

Answer 9

Cranial: brain
Thoracic: lungs, heart
Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestines
Pelvic: reproductive organs

Question 10

Define the moder cell theory

Answer 10

All known things are made up of cells.
All cells come from pre existing cells by ‘division’
Cells contain DNA

Question 11

Define the cell theory and when was it proposed?

Answer 11

All known things are made up of vital force and cells.
All cells come from pre existing cells by ‘division’
Cells contain DNA
1839

Question 12

Name 3 metals that can accumulate in the body causing cell damage

Answer 12

Aluminum, lead and mercury

Question 13

What causes free radicles

Answer 13

UV exposer, alcohol, pollution, stress, poor diet

Question 14

Essential Antioxidents are

Answer 14

Vitamin C and E
Beta carotene
Selenium

Without these, oxidative stress/damage will happen causing genetic mutation

Question 15

Internally the cell consists of

Answer 15

Organelles - structures in the cell
Cytoplasm - cell content excluding the nucleus
Cytosol - basic watery fluid

Question 16

Define a cell wall (different to a cell membrane.)

Answer 16

The cell wall is found it plant, fungal and bacterial cells. These walls provide strength rigidity and surround the cell membrane

Question 17

Define a cell membrane

Answer 17

It is a flexible semi permeable membrane the separates the cells external and internal environment. This control the transfer of molecules in and out of the cell. Structurally it is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with transmembrane protiens

Question 18

Transmembrane proteins perform the following

Answer 18

• transport of substances in and out of cells e.g hydrogen and glucose
• immunological identify - helps our immune cells recognize out own cells (stopping WBC from attacking out body cells.)
• receptors - recognition sites for hormones

Question 19

2 types of cell junctions

Answer 19

Tight: found in stomach, intestines, bladder. Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to reinforce junctions and seal off passageways, preventing leaking

Gap: small fluid filled tunnels between neighboring cells e.g. nerves

Question 20

Name the organelles

Answer 20

Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth, rought,) ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton

Question 21

What is the optimum PH level for our bodies

Answer 21

7.35-7.45

Question 22

What is a normal range of blood glucose levels?

Answer 22

4-7

Over 7 = diabetes

Question 23

What is he fluid between cells called?

Answer 23

Interstitial fluid

Question 24

Extracellular fluid vs intracellular fluid?

Answer 24

Extra=outside

Intra=inside

Question 25

Where is 70% of our immune system location?

Answer 25

The digestive system

Question 26

Define cell memory

Answer 26

Cells have the ability to remember experiences which influence the vital force in our bodies.

Question 27

How do antioxidants support the body?

Answer 27

They donate electrons to unstable free radicles to stabilize them and stop the chain reaction of multiple cells being damaged

Question 28

Is cytoplasm found inside the nucleus?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

What role does each organelle play?

Answer 29

``` N = brain/controls activity - holds genetic material M= powerplant/energy. Make ATP in a process called cellular respiration, run on glucose R= produces proteins ER= proteins folding and transporting molecules around. Smooth ER=detoxification, makes some types of lipids G= post box/sorts, organizes, sends stuff out of the cell L= recycling/breaks down contents of the cell C= keeps the cell ```

Question 30

How many chromosomes does a Gamete have?

Answer 30

23

Question 31

How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?

Answer 31

46

Question 32

What is interphase

Answer 32

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 33

What are the two main steps involved in protein synthesis

Answer 33

Translation and transcription

Question 34

Define translation and transcription?

Answer 34

Transcription | Translation: where the ribosomes make the protein

Question 35

What is a monomer

Answer 35

A building block

Question 36

What is a peptide bond

Answer 36

The link between two amino acids along a protein chain

Question 37

Define DNA and what is it's job

Answer 37

DNA is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

Question 38

What is the monomer for nucleic acids? And what are these made up of?

Answer 38

Nucleotides. | Phosphate, sugar, base

Question 39

What are the three different types of RNA

Answer 39

tRNA - transfer amino acids to codon mRNA - take message to ribosome rRNA - makes protein

Question 40

What is a phosphate

Answer 40

Salt

Question 41

What is a hormone

Answer 41

A hormone is a chemical that is made by specialist cells, usually within an endocrine gland, and it is released into the bloodstream to send a message to another part of the body. It is often referred to as a 'chemical messenger'.

Question 42

What does mitochondria do?

Answer 42

Produces ATP to give our bodies energy to move. Glucose and oxygen come together to help produce ATP

Question 43

What are ribosomes?

Answer 43

a small particle consisting of RNA. They bind mRNA and trRNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Question 44

Define Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth)

Answer 44

ER is a collection of tubes that make, package, and transport proteins and fats. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has protein-making ribosomes on its surface, so it helps make and process proteins. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps make and process lipids and helps detoxify drugs and alcohol

Question 45

Define the golgi apparatus

Answer 45

The GA functions as a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.

Question 46

Define lisosomes

Answer 46

Lysosomes work like the digestive system to break down, or digest, proteins, acids, carbohydrates, dead organelles, and other unwanted materials using enzymes. When lysosomes burst, the digestive enzymes released start digesting its own cells.

Question 47

What are microtubules and centrioles? (proteins)

Answer 47

They maintain the shape of the cell and allow the movement of other cells across the membrane

Question 48

What are vacuoles?

Answer 48

Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that function in several different ways. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.

Question 49

What are vesicles

Answer 49

A vesicle is a small structure within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (phagocytosis) and transport of materials within the cytoplasm.

Question 50

What are the 7 steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 50

DNA unzips in the nucleus. mRNA nucleotides transcribe the complementary DNA message. mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome. mRNA attaches to ribosome and first codon is read. tRNA brings in proper amino acid from cytoplasm. a second tRNA brings in new amino acid.

Question 51

Define photo synthesis

Answer 51

Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Translation is where the ribosome reads the code and produces the correct chain of amino acids to for the protein

Question 52

What is cytokenisis?

Answer 52

process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells