Cells

Question 1

Magnification Equation

Answer 1

Magnification= image size / size of real object

Question 2

Difference between Electron and Light Microscope

Answer 2

An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving
power which can be used to
study cells in much finer detail. Enables us to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.

Question 3

Function of Nucleus

Answer 3

• Eukaryotic only *
  Controls all the activities of the cell.
  Contains the genetic material.

Question 4

Function of Cytoplasm

Answer 4

• All Cells *
  Liquid gel where organisms are suspended and site where most chemical reactions take place.

Question 5

Function of Ribosomes

Answer 5

• Eukaryotic only *
  Protein synthesis takes place, making all proteins for the cell.

Question 6

Function of Mitochondria

Answer 6

• All Cells *
  Aerobic respiration - releasing energy for the cell.

Question 7

Function of Cell Wall

Answer 7

• Plant Cells + Prokaryotes *
  Supports and protects internal structures and organelles

Question 8

Function of Cell Membrane

Answer 8

• All cells *
  Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 9

Function of Permanent Vacuole

Answer 9

• Plants only *
  Space filled with cell sap.
  Keeps cell rigid to support plant.

Question 10

Function of Chloroplasts

Answer 10

• Plants only (except RHC) *
  Make food by the process of photosynthesis

Question 11

Function of Chlorophyll

Answer 11

• Plants only (except RHC) *
  Absorbs light so plant can make food by photosynthesis

Question 12

Where is chlorophyll found?

Answer 12

Chloroplasts

Question 13

What gives plants their green pigment?

Answer 13

Chlorophyll

Question 14

What is the cell wall made up of ?

Answer 14

Cellulose to strengthen the cell

Question 15

Definition - Eukaryotic

Answer 15

Genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus

Question 16

Definition - Prokaryotic

Answer 16

Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus.

Question 17

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 17

Prokaryotes are….

• smaller
• don’t have a nucleus
• may have plasmids

Question 18

Definition - Plasmids

Answer 18

Small rings of DNA that code for specific features such as antibiotic resistances

Question 19

What type of cell is a bacteria?

Answer 19

Prokaryotic

Question 20

Example of animal specialised cells

Answer 20

Nerve Cell, Sperm Cell, Muscle Cell

Question 21

Example of plant specialised cells

Answer 21

Xylem Cell, Phloem Cell, Root Hair Cell

Question 22

Adaptations of a nerve cell (3)

Answer 22

• Lots of dendrites that make connections to other cells
• Axons that carry the impulse from one place to another
• Synapses aww adapted to pass the impulse to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle cell

Question 23

Adaptations of Muscle Cells (3)

Answer 23

• Contain proteins that slide over each other and make the fibres contract
• Contain many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions to take place
• Store glycogen, which can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to provide energy needed for the fibres to contract.

Question 24

Adaptations of Sperm Cells (4)

Answer 24

• Long tail helps it to move
• Middle section is full of mitochondria, which provide energy for the tail
• Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
• Acrosome stores digestive enzymes to break down the outer layers of the egg

Question 25

Adaptations of a Root Hair Cell - RHC (3)

Answer 25

• Increased surface area for water to move into the cell
• Permanent vacuole that speeds up movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
• Many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for active transport

Question 26

Adaptations of Xylem Cell (2)

Answer 26

• Alive at first but die and form long hollow tubes to allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them
• Spirals is lignin make them very strong and help them to withstand pressure of water. Also help support phloem.

Question 27

Adaptations of Phloem Cell (2)

Answer 27

• Cell walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates. Allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely
• Supported by companion cells which transfer energy and support them.