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bitheolaíocht > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

Organisation from organelles to organisms:

A

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of tissues in mammals and describe their role

A

Muscular - contracts to move
Glandular - produces and secretes chemicals
Epithelial - covers parts of the body.

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3
Q

What is an enzyme and why can they be described as biological catalysts?

A

Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions. They can only fit one substrate in the active site, so can only catalyse one reaction.

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4
Q

What do enzymes require?

A

Optimum temperature and pH

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5
Q

What are the three digestive enzymes and what do they break down?

A

Amylase - starch into simple sugars
Protease - proteins into amino acids
Lipase - Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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6
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Neutralises stomach acid so conditions are suitable in the small intestine, and emulsifies fats.

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7
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced in liver, stored in gallbladder.

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8
Q

Why does fat need to be emulsified with bile?

A

To increase the surface area of the fats, so lipase can work more effectively.

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9
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to perform a function.

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10
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

A

To produce protease, amylase, and lipase, and release them into the small intestine.

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11
Q

What is the role of the large and small intestine in digestion?

A

The large absorbs water from food.
The small produces protease, amylase, and lipase, and absorbs digested food into the blood.

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12
Q

Which food test tests for sugars?
What will you see if the test is positive?

A

Benedict’s Test
Green for not much, red for a lot.

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13
Q

Which food test tests for starch?
What will you see if the test is positive?

A

Iodine solution
Colour change from orange to blue-black.

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14
Q

Which food test tests for protein?
What will you see if the test is positive?

A

Biuret Test
Colour change from blue to purple

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15
Q

Which food test tests for lipids?
What will you see if the test is positive?

A

Sudan III
Red layer in the test tube

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16
Q

Organise these:
Alveoli, Trachea, Bronchioles, Bronchi

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli.

17
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

Alveoli.

18
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

One cell thick
Moist
Surrounded by capillaries

19
Q

How is the heart’s pace controlled?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium wall send out electrical signals, causing surrounding cells to contract.

20
Q

What are stents and statins and how do they reduce cardiovascular disease?

A

Stents are mesh tubes that hold arteries open.
Statins are drugs that reduce bad cholesterol in the blood.

21
Q

Give two disadvantages each of stents and statins.

A

Stents:
- Infection from surgery
- Blood clot near the stent
Statins:
- Have to be taken regularly, long term
- Can have negative, serious side effects

22
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?
Describe their structure.

A

Food
Made of elongated cells with small pores in the ends. Transport goes both ways, and is called translocation.

23
Q

What do xylem tubes transport?
Describe their structure.

A

Water
They are made of hollow, dead cells. with no gap in between them. The movement of water through and out of the plant is the transpiration stream.

24
Q

Define transpiration, and state four things that affect it

A

The loss of water from a plant
Humidity, Air flow, Temperature, Light intensity.

25
Q

What are the four types of pathogen?
Give an example of each.

A

Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungi
Salmonella, Measles, Rose Black Spot, Malaria.

26
Q

What causes gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

27
Q

What can be used to prevent fungal diseases?

A

Fungicides

28
Q

What do antibiotics kill, and why is it important to not overuse them?

A

Bacteria
Bacteria can easily become resistant to antibiotics.

29
Q

What are the three stages of drug testing?

A

Preclinical (testing on lab tissues)
Live animals
Clinical trial (human volunteers)

30
Q

Define drug efficacy

A

Whether the drug works and produces desired effects.

31
Q

What are four ways plants use glucose?

A
  • Respiration
  • Making Cellulose
  • Making amino acids
  • Storage - as oils or starch
32
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
What affects the rate?

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
Light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature.

33
Q

Define and give the word equations for aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Anaerobic:
- Respiration without oxygen
- Glucose -> Lactic acid
Aerobic:
- Respiration with oxygen
- Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water

34
Q

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants.

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

35
Q

What is an oxygen debt and where is lactic acid oxidised

A

The amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid into glucose, in the liver.

bitheolaíocht (6 decks)

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