Cells

Question 1

• Give the five macromolecules
• Building block

Answer 1

Protein
DNA
RNA
Carbohydrates
Lipid

Question 2

Basic structure and function of cell

Answer 2

Protein

Question 3

Storage form of energy
Source of energy

Answer 3

Carbohydrates

Question 4

Storage form of energy to meet long-term demands

Answer 4

Lipids

Question 5

Describe Prokaryotic cells

Answer 5

• Have NO well-defined nucleus and cell organelles
• Smaller and simpler
• Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Question 6

Describe Eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

• Have nucleus and cell organelles
• More complex
• Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists

Question 7

Cell Theory

Answer 7

• All plants and animals are composed of cells.
• Cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise by reproduction from previous cells.

Question 8

Elements that are found in cells

Answer 8

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitro

Question 9

Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material

Answer 9

Nucleus

Question 10

3 regions of nucleus

Answer 10

Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm

Question 11

It allow exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Answer 11

Nuclear pores

Question 12

• Barrier of the nucleus
• Consists of a double membrane
• Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Answer 12

Nuclear envelope

Question 13

• Sites of ribosome assembly
• Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Answer 13

Nucleolus

Question 14

• perform certain functions such as supporting the chromatin material and nucleolus
• providing rigidity to the nucleus.
• It is the site of synthesis of DNA, RNA and ribosomal subunits.

Answer 14

Nucleoplasm

Question 15

• Composed of DNA and protein
• Present when the cell is not dividing
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Answer 15

Chromatin

Question 16

_____________
• Barrier for cell contents
• Double phospholipid layer
• Hydrophilic heads
• Hydrophobic tails
• Also contains ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 16

Plasmas membrane

proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

Question 17

• ________ functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules.

• Many cellular processes also occur in this cell part, these are ________, _______, ________ and ________.

• It helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste.

Answer 17

• Cytoplasm
• protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis.

Question 18

• ______ is made of protein and RNA
• Sites of protein synthesis
• Found at two locations:
- Free in the _______
- As part of the ___________ (Bound)

Answer 18

Ribosome

cytoplasm
rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 19

are made up of flattened membrane disks

Answer 19

Cisternae

Question 20

Made up of cisternae and vesicles

Answer 20

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 21

• synthesizes proteins
• Studded with ribosomes
• made up cisternae and vesicles

Answer 21

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 22

• made up of tubules
• Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs

Answer 22

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 23

What are the 3 organelles make up the endomembrane system?

Answer 23

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus

Question 24

Process of protein synthesis in RER

Answer 24

1. As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern.
2. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein).
3. The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle.
4. The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.

Question 25

• _______ modifies, sort, and packages proteins • Produces different types of packages: - (thrown away) - (this is where the proteins will be integrated) - (suicide path of the cell)

Answer 25

• Golgi Apparatus Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes

Question 26

3 pathways of protein in golgi apparatus

Answer 26

Secretory vesicle Cell membrane components Lysosome

Question 27

• ______ contain enzymes (what type of enzyme) produced by ribosomes • Packaged by the Golgi apparatus • Digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell

Answer 27

Lysosome Degregating enzyme

Question 28

• ________ - membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes • Detoxify harmful substances such as ________ and _______ • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) • Replicate by pinching in half

Answer 28

• Peroxisomes • alcohol and formaldehyde

Question 29

• Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm • Provides the cell with an internal framework —Three different types of elements - - -

Answer 29

Cytoskeleton Microfilaments (thinnest) Intermediate filaments Microtubules (thickest)

Question 30

• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules • Direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

Answer 30

Centriole

Question 31

the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Answer 31

Membrane transport

Question 32

• No energy is required • Must have a concentration gradient • Movement is from high concentration to low concentration

Answer 32

Passive processes

Question 33

• Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP) • Go against the concentration gradient • From low concentration to high concentration

Answer 33

Active process

Question 34

• Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution • Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

Answer 34

Diffusion

Question 35

Types of diffusion

Answer 35

Simple diffusion Osmosis

Question 36

• An unassisted process • Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

Answer 36

Simple diffusion

Question 37

• _______ - simple diffusion of water • Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through ________

Answer 37

Osmosis aquaporins

Question 38

• In ________, substances require a protein carrier for passive transport • Transports ________ and _________

Answer 38

Facilitated diffusion lipid-insoluble and large substances

Question 39

• In _______, water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or _________ • A pressure gradient must exist • Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area

Answer 39

Filtration hydrostatic pressure

Question 40

- Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion • Substances may be too large • Substances may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane • Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient - ATP is used for transport

Answer 40

Active transport

Question 41

Two common forms of active transport

Answer 41

Vesicular transport Active transport

Question 42

Vesicular transport • Exocytosis • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis Active transport (solute pumping) • Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called _______ • ATP energizes protein carriers

Answer 42

solute pumps

Question 43

Na+ and K+ ions process

Answer 43

1. Na+ binds to the protein pump 2. Na+ is released while K+ binds to the protein pump 3. K+ is released and the cycle repeats

Question 44

________ • Moves materials out of the cell • Material is carried in a membranous vesicle • Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane • Vesicle combines with plasma membrane • Material is emptied to the outside

Answer 44

Exocytosis

Question 45

• ________ • Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle • Types of endocytosis • _______—“cell eating” • _______—“cell drinking”

Answer 45

Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis