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Human Body Systems > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms the external boundary of a cell from its external environment. It regulates the transportation of substances into and out of the cells eg oxygen and glucose

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Provide structure for the cell

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

The control centre of the cell contained within its own membrane. It’s responsible for regulation of most cellular processes and functions

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4
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte of the ECF

A

Sodium

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5
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte found within body cells (ICF osmolarity)

A

Potassium

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6
Q

Passive cellular transport

A

Occurs without the use of cellular energy and occurs via diffusion or filtration

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7
Q

What way do solutes move on the concentration gradient

A

When a solute diffuses it will always move down the concentration gradient to an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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8
Q

What’s osmosis

A

The diffusion of water and occurs via simple diffusion. It’s based on the osmolarity between the ICF and ECF. The ICF and ECF should be equal

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9
Q

Fluid shift

A

Occurs when the water and electrolyte intake and output are not balanced so the ECF compensates and there is a fluid shift. It Alters the volume and size of cells which can lead to cellular dysfunction if these changes are severe or sustained.

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10
Q

Filtration

A

Passive transport that occurs across a specially designed filtration barriers. It’s the movement of water and permeable substances across cell membranes due to the force of pressure. High pressure in one fluid area can push substances across the membrane into an area of lower pressure, it occurs across capillaries

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11
Q

Protein pumps

A

Push substances through cell membrane AGAINST their concentration gradient from low to high concentration

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12
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Large substances are packaged into vesicles.

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13
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moving substances out of cell

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14
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moving substances into the cell

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15
Q

Basil metabolic rate

A

Minimum metabolic rate to maintain metabolism

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16
Q

Glycogenisis

A

Glucose creation.

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17
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glucose breakdown

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18
Q

Glycigenolysis

A

Turns to pyruvic acids

19
Q

Rough E.R

A

Manufactures proteins and phospholipids

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of structural tuberoles

21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

22
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP production

23
Q

Cilia

A

Short projections from cell surface

24
Q

Centrosome

A

Anchors structural tuberoles

25
Q

Flagella

A

Long cellular extension

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins and lipids

27
Q

Smooth er

A

Lipid metabolism and steroid production

28
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digests foreign material and cellular debris

29
Q

Perioxisomes

A

Detoxifies

30
Q

Gluconeogensis

A

Lipids or proteins are converted into glucose

31
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material within the nucleus, it contains 4 nucleotide bases. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and thyamine

32
Q

How many chromosomes in a human genome ?

A

23 pairs and in sex cells only one of each 23

33
Q

What do segments of dna code for ?

A

Production of proteins and the blueprint for every structure, body composition, function and features

34
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid is the decoder and messenger for DNA in the process of protein synthesis. It’s a single chain consisting of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

35
Q

Messenger RNA

A

Is a chain of rna that reads the dna by aligning its bases with DNA bases. For each dna triplet, there is a corresponding three base sequence of nucleotides on the mRnA called a codon

36
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Small units containing three RNA bases, called an anticodon, and an amino acid. The anticodon of tRNA pairs with a particular codon on the mRNA

37
Q

Atrophy

A

A decrease in cell size

38
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

39
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell numbers due to an increased rate of cellular division

40
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal changes in the size, shape and or organisation of mature cells.

41
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division process occurring in the somatic cells. All dna in the cell nucleus is copied and then the cell splits into two daughter cells putting one of copy of dna into each new daughter cell. Mitosis is a case of replicate and seperate

42
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that only occurs in gametes (sex cells) to facilitate reproduction. Meiosis l parent cell divides into two daughter cells, (prior to the division crossing over and independent assortment occur).
Meiosis ll is when daughter cells from meiosis l divide into two further daughter cells each. At the completion of meiosis there will be 4 daughter cells. Each of the final four daughter cells will contain half the dna as the parent cell

43
Q

Haploid

A

Cell containing half the amount of dna from the parent cell. During meiosis

44
Q

Diploid cells

A

Replicate the parent cell during mitosis

Human Body Systems (5 decks)

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