CELLS

Question 1

what allowed the spontaneous abiotic synthesis of organisms?

Answer 1

conditions of early Earth

Question 2

what are possible cellular precursors?

Answer 2

protobionts and RNA genesis

Question 3

• are collections of abiotically synthesized organic compounds
• formed spontaneously as the precursors of cells

Answer 3

protobionts

Question 4

cell structure is mainly composed of?

Answer 4

• cell membrane
• membrane proteins
• cytoplasm
• cytoskeleton
• ribosomes
• cholesterol

Question 5

include multicellular plants and animals and some unicellular protists. Their cells contain membrane-bound organelles?

Answer 5

eukaryotes

Question 6

membrane-bound organelles of multicellular organisms?

Answer 6

• nucleus
• mitochondria
• smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum
• golgi apparatus
• vesicles
• lysosomes

Question 7

additional components for plant cells?

Answer 7

• chloroplasts
• vacuole
• cell wall

Question 8

simplest unicellular organisms and earliest cells to evolve?

Answer 8

prokaryotes

Question 9

major differences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 9

• genetic material floats in the cytoplasm
• there are no membrane-bound organelles

Question 10

unbounded but concentrated region for genetic material in prokaryotes?

Answer 10

nucleoid

Question 11

cell transport has two mechanisms which are ?

Answer 11

active and passive

Question 12

types of passive mechanisms?

Answer 12

• diffusion
• facilitated diffusion

Question 13

molecules move freely across a membrane to balance a concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 14

diffusion of water

Answer 14

osmosis

Question 15

molecules cross an impermeable or semi-impermeable membrane down their concentration gradient but must do so via special channels?

Answer 15

facilitated diffusion

Question 16

types of active mechanisms?

Answer 16

• active transport
• endocytosis
• exocytosis

Question 17

is the transport of molecules from low to high concentrations across a membrane using energy-dependent transport protein?

Answer 17

active transport

Question 18

the enveloping of an exterior substance within a membranus vesicle for admission to the cell interior?

Answer 18

endocytosis

Question 19

2 types of endocytosis

Answer 19

pinocytosis & phagocytosis

Question 20

endocytosis of dissolved liquid molecules

Answer 20

pinocytosis

Question 21

endocytosis of undissolved solid matter

Answer 21

phagocytosis

Question 22

the extrusion of material from a cell by discharge vesicles at the cell surface?

Answer 22

exocytosis

Question 23

is the cellular process of oxidizing glucose to obtain energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ?

Answer 23

cellular respiration

Question 24

is the oldest metabolic pathway, used by all cells, and a precursor to both aerobic and anaerobic respiratory pathways.

Answer 24

glycolysis

Question 25

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 25

cytoplasm

Question 26

what happens during glycolysis?

Answer 26

the six carbon-sugar glucose is degraded to form molecules of three-carbon pyruvate, resulting into two NADH and two net ATP.

Question 27

chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically?

Answer 27

fermentation

Question 28

three types of fermentation?

Answer 28

- homolactic - alcoholic - heterolactic

Question 29

bacteria converts pyruvate into lactic acid

Answer 29

homolactic

Question 30

yeast and bacteria convert pyruvate into ethanol and CO2

Answer 30

alcoholic

Question 31

organisms produce lactic acid as well as other acids and alcohols

Answer 31

heterolactic

Question 32

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)?

Answer 32

aerobic respiration

Question 33

stages of oxidative respiration?

Answer 33

- oxidation of pyruvate - citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) - chemiosmotic phosphorylation

Question 34

- asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies? - is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism?

Answer 34

binary fission

Question 35

eukaryotic cell cycle involves?

Answer 35

- interphase - M phase (mitosis) - cytokinesis

Question 36

phases of interphase?

Answer 36

- G1 phase - S phase - G2 phase

Question 37

major period of cell growth?

Answer 37

G1 phase

Question 38

during this period chromosome replication occurs producing sister chromatids connected by a centromere

Answer 38

S phase

Question 39

the cells prepares for cell division during this period

Answer 39

G2 phase

Question 40

the division of genetic material and cellular contents?

Answer 40

M phase

Question 41

stages of mitosis

Answer 41

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Question 42

physical division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells?

Answer 42

cytokinesis

Question 43

produces for haploid nuclei called gametes from a single diploid cell

Answer 43

meiosis

Question 44

cells divide in order to maintain _________________________________

Answer 44

surface-to-volume ratio

Question 46

external signals that can regulate cell division

Answer 46

- growth factors - density-dependent inhibition - anchorage dependence

Question 47

cells that ignore cell cycle regulations and divide unchecked

Answer 47

cancer cells