Cells

Question 1

Describe prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

Found in bacteria and cyano bacteria
In the kingdom prokaryotae

Question 2

Describe eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Found in all organisms in the kingdoms
Protoctisa
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae

Question 3

How do algal cells compare to plant cells?

Answer 3

Algae carry out photosynthesis like plants however unlike plants, they can be unicellular or multicellular

Chloroplast and many algal cells are a different shape and size from plant chloroplast

Some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several small chloroplast

Question 4

How do fungal cells compare to plant cells ?

Answer 4

Fungi can be multicellular or unicellular
Walls are made from chitlin
Don’t photosynthesise

Question 5

Structure of nucleus

Answer 5

Nuclear envelope-double membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm -granular jelly like material
Chromosomes-protein-bound linear DNA
Nucleolus-smaller sphere which is the site of rRNA production and make ribosomes

Question 6

Describe the function of DNA

Answer 6

Site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)

Contains the genetic code for each cell

Question 7

Describe the structure of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

Rough and smooth ER both have folded membranes called cisternae

Rough have ribosomes on the cisternae

Question 8

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

RER-protein synthesis
SER-synthesis and store lipids and carbs

Question 9

Describe the structure of Golgi apparatus and vesicles

Answer 9

Folded membranes having cisternae
Secretary vesicles pinch off from the cisternae

Question 10

Describe the function of Golgi apparatus

Answer 10

Add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbohydrates
Transport modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes
Molecules are labelled with their destination
Finished products are transported to cell surface in Golgi vesicles where they fuse with the membrane and contents are released

Question 11

Describe the structure of lysosomes

Answer 11

Bags of digestive enzymes

Question 12

Describe the function of lysosomes

Answer 12

Hydrolyse phagocytic cells
Completely break down dead cells(auto lysis )
Exocytosis -release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material
Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials

Question 13

Describe the structure of mitochondria

Answer 13

Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondrial dna

Question 14

Describe the structure of mitochondria

Answer 14

Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondrial dna

Question 15

Describe mitochondria function

Answer 15

Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration

Question 16

Describe mitochondria function

Answer 16

Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration

Question 17

Describe the structure of ribosomes

Answer 17

Small-made up of two sub units of protein and rRNA
80S-large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells (25nm)
70S-smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 18

Describe the function of ribosomes

Answer 18

Site of protein synthesis

Question 19

Describe the function of ribosomes

Answer 19

Site of protein synthesis

Question 20

Describe the structure of a vacuole

Answer 20

Filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

Question 21

Describe the function of a vacuole

Answer 21

Makes cells turgid -provides support
Temporary stores of sugars and amino acids
Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinatiors

Question 22

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

Answer 22

Surrounded by double membrane
Contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
Fluid filled storms contains enzymes for photosynthesis
Found in plants

Question 23

Describe the function of chloroplasts

Answer 23

Site of photosynthesis

Question 24

Describe the structure of a cell wall

Answer 24

Found in plants and fungi

Plants-made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer

Fungi Made of chitlin a nitrogen containing polysaccharide

Question 25

Describe the function of cell wall

Answer 25

Provides structural strength to cell

Question 26

Describe the structure of a cell membrane

Answer 26

Found in all cells Phospholipid bilayer -molecules embed within and attached on the outside (proteins carbs cholesterol)

Question 27

Describe the function of cell membrane

Answer 27

Controls the entrance and exit of molecules

Question 28

Give an example of how cell ultra structure relates to function

Answer 28

Mitochondria produce ATP used as a temporary source of energy cells that have mitochondria require a lot of ATP and therefore have a high rate of metabolism

Question 29

In terms of size, which cell is smaller in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

Answer 29

Prokaryotic

Question 30

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

Answer 30

Have a cytoplasm the lacks membrane bound organelles Small ribosomes No nucleus instead they have a circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm and not associated with proteins Cell wall that contains murein a glycol protein

Question 31

What are additional features that many prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 31

One or more plasmids A capsule Surrounding the cell One or more flagella

Question 32

Describe algae

Answer 32

Algae carry out photosynthesis like plants however on my plants, they may be unicellular or multicellular

Question 33

Describe the difference between algal cells and plant cells

Answer 33

The cells are a lot like plant cells Chloroplast and many algal cells are a different shape and size from plant chloroplast Some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several small chloroplast

Question 34

Describe fungal cells

Answer 34

Fungal cells can be multicellular or unicellular Cells are a lot like plant cells but there are two key differences: Walls are made from chitin Don’t photosynthesise

Question 35

Define differentiation

Answer 35

The process by which the cells become specialised for different functions

Question 36

What do following differentiation cells have?

Answer 36

Different shapes different in size different number of organelles and they produce different proteins

Question 37

Define cells/specialised cells

Answer 37

The basic structural and functional unit of life forms they are formed using and contain many biological molecules

Question 38

Define tissues

Answer 38

Group of similar cells which carry out a particular function

Question 39

Define organ system

Answer 39

Oregon system is an aggregation of organs carrying out specific psychological function more efficiently

Question 40

What tissues are in the thyroid?

Answer 40

Epithelial and glandular

Question 41

What tissues are in the kidney?

Answer 41

Vascular ,epithelial and glandular

Question 42

What tissues are in the lungs?

Answer 42

Epithelial and elastic

Question 43

What tissues are in the bladder?

Answer 43

Nervous, elastic, epithelial

Question 44

What tissues are in the liver?

Answer 44

Epithelial and glandular

Question 45

What tissues are in the intestines?

Answer 45

Muscle, epithelial, glandular

Question 46

What tissues are in the brain?

Answer 46

Nervous and epithelial

Question 47

What tissues are in the heart?

Answer 47

Endothelial and nervous

Question 48

What tissues are in the stomach?

Answer 48

Nervous, elastic and epithelial

Question 49

Describe a virus

Answer 49

20 to 300 nm It contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) Protein coat (the capsid) Attachment proteins