Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CAIE Biology 5090 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the protoplasm?

A

protoplasm contains nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what structures are found in both plant and animal cells?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what structures are found in only plant cells?

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, sap vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

cytoplasm is jelly-like with organelles and particles like oil droplets, granules of starch, lipids, proteins and enzymes. It is enclosed within the cell membrane; contains cell organelles like mitochondria and nucleus, and is also the site of chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

A partially permeable layer that forms a boundary around the cytoplasm. It is found around the cytoplasm; it prevents cell contents from escaping and controls what substances enter and leave the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

A circular, oval or slipper-shaped organelle found inside the cytoplasm; it is responsible for aerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

A circular or oval structure containing DNA in the form of chromosomes. it is found inside the cytoplasm; it controls cell division, cell development and cell activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

Small, circular structures attached to membranes or lying free. It is found inside the cytoplasm; it used for protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

a tough, non-living layer made of cellulose surrounding the cell membrane found around the outside of plant cells. It prevents plant cells from bursting whole allowing water and salts to pass through. (freely permeable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the cell wall of a plant cell made up of?

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the sap vacuole?

A

A fluid-filled space surrounded by a membrane found inside the cytoplasm of plant cells. it contains salts and sugars, and helps to keep plants firm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

it contains salts and sugars, and helps to keep plant cells firm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the difference between the sap vacuole (plant cell) and vacuole (animal cell)?

A

Sap Vacuole- A large, permanent vacuole found in plant cells. Found mainly in plant cells. Filled with cell sap (water, sugars, amino acids, salts, and waste). Maintains turgor pressure, provides structural support, and stores nutrients.
Temporary Vacuole-
A small, temporary vacuole found in some animal and plant cells. Found in animal cells and some plant cells.
Contains water, food, or waste for temporary storage. Stores materials for a short period and helps in transport or digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the sap vacuole contain?

A

Water, nutrients, and waste (cell sap).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the chloroplast?

A

An organelle containing chlorophyll found inside the cytoplasm; it traps light energy for photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what pigment is found in the chloroplast?

A

chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main difference in the shape of plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have a regular, fixed shape due to the cell wall, while animal cells have an irregular shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two types of ER, and how do they differ?

A

Rough ER (has ribosomes, helps in protein synthesis) and Smooth ER (no ribosomes, makes lipids).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which organelle allows plants to perform photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the main component of the plant cell wall?

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of cell contains large, permanent vacuoles?

A

Plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do animal cells have vacuoles?

A

Yes, but they are small and temporary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do animal cells lack a cell wall?

A

Because they need flexibility for movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which type of cell can change shape more easily?

A

Animal cells, since they lack a rigid cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why do plant cells not burst in a hypotonic solution?
The cell wall prevents excessive swelling and bursting.
26
Which type of cell contains starch granules for energy storage?
Plant cells.
27
Which type of cell stores energy as glycogen?
Animal cells.
28
Which type of cell (plant or animal) contains more mitochondria, and why?
Animal cells, because they require more energy for movement.
29
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells (e.g., plants, animals) do.
30
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and proteins.
31
Why do muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells?
Because they require more energy for movement.
32
What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
It provides shape, support, and movement.
33
Which organelle detoxifies harmful substances in liver cells?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER).
34
What is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER?
Rough ER has ribosomes and helps in protein synthesis, while Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and makes lipids.
35
What happens to proteins after they are synthesised in the rough ER?
They are modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus.
36
Which structure in plant cells prevents excessive water intake and bursting?
The cell wall.
37
Why do plant cells have fewer mitochondria than animal cells?
Because they also generate energy through photosynthesis.
38
What happens to a plant cell when placed in pure water?
It becomes turgid (swollen but does not burst due to the cell wall).
39
What happens to an animal cell in pure water?
It swells and may burst (lysis) due to lack of a cell wall.
40
Why do plant cells need mitochondria if they have chloroplasts?
Because mitochondria provide energy through respiration when sunlight is unavailable.
41
What are prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus; their circular genetic material is located in a region called the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a membrane. Eg: Bacteria
42
What are eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus that houses the genetic material (DNA) and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Eg: plant cell/animal cell
43
What part of a bacterial cell controls cell activities?
Circular DNA
44
What is circular DNA?
It is a single, circular chromosome found inside the cytoplasm. It controls cell division, cell development and cell activities.
45
What part of a bacterial cell contains genetic information?
Plasmids
46
What are plasmids?
They are small, circular pieces of DNA found inside the cytoplasm. They carry genes that carry genetic information to help the process of the survival and reproduction of the bacterium.
47
What is the bacterium cell wall made up of?
Peptidoglycan
48
What is the difference between a plant cell wall and a bacterium cell wall?
A plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, while a bacterium cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.
49
what parts of an animal cell are visible through a light microscope?
Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
50
what organelles of an animal cell can be seen using an electron microscope?
nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm
51
what parts of a plant cell can be seen using a light microscope?
cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, sap vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplast
52
what parts of a plant cell can be seen using an electron microscope?
cell membrane, mitochondria, cell wall, ribosomes, Sap vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplast
53
what is low magnification and what is it generally used for?
*5 to *10- used to locate the specimen and observe the general layout of the cells, individual cells may not be clear.
54
what is medium magnification and what is it generally used for?
*100- Ideal for viewing cell structures, including cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane and nucleus
55
what is high magnification and what is it generally used for?
*1000- Used to observe finer details like the nucleus or organelles.
56
how does a microscope work?
Light is passes through a thin layer of biological material supported on a glass slide. The light has to pass through multiple lenses so that the image is visible through the eye piece. Common biological materials used include cheek cells (animal cell) and onion cells (plant cell). A stain like methylene blue or iodine is often used to highlight structures of the cell under a microscope.
57
what is the general method to prepare a specimen?
Specimens must be prepared on a microscope slide to be observed under a light microscope, this must be done carefully to avoid damaging the biological specimen and structures within it.
58
what are specialised cells?
they do one special job and have a distinct shape. Special kinds of chemical changes take place in their cytoplasm.
59
how to prepare a liquid specimen?
add a few drops of the sample to the slide using a pipette and either cover the liquid or smear it with a cover slip, gently pressing down to remove air bubbles. wear gloves to ensure that there is no cross-contamination of foreign cells.
60
How to prepare a solid specimen?
use scissors to cut a sample of the tissue and peel away or cut a very thin layer of cells from the tissue sample to be places on the slide (using a scalpel or forceps). Some tissue samples need to be treated with chemicals to kill or make the tissue rigid. A stain may be required to make the structures visible depending on the type of tissue being examined, commonly used stains include methylene blue to stain cheek cells and iodine to stain onion cells. take care when using sharp objects and wear gloves to prevent the stain from dying your skin.
61
how to use a microscope?
When using a microscope, always start with the lowest power objective lens (usually 4x). This makes it easier to locate the sample in the field of view. Once found, switch to higher magnification lenses for more detail. Starting with low power also helps prevent damage to the lens or slide if the stage is raised too high. Use the coarse adjustment knob for rough focus and the fine adjustment knob for precise focus.
62
how to prevent dehydration of tissue?
the thin layers of material placed on slides can dry op rapidly. Adding a drop of water to the specimen (beneath the coverslip) can prevent the specimen from being damaged by dehydration.
63
how to deal with unclear or blurry images?
switch to the lower power objective lens and try using the coarse focus to get a cleaner image. Consider whether the specimen is thin enough for light to pass through to see the structures clearly, there could also be cross-contamination with foreign cells or bodies.
64
how to use a microscope to look at a specimen?
cut the slide carefully onto the stage, ensuring the lowest-point objective lens is over the slide. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the stage up just below the lens. Look down the eyepiece and gradually move the stage downwards using the coarse adjustment knob, stop when the image is roughly in focus. To bring the image into focus, adjust the fine-adjustment knob until a clear image is obtained. To observe the image with a lighter magnification, change the objective lens to a higher power and readjust the stage using the coarse and fine adjustment knobs.
65
what are the key components/apparatus needed to view an onion cell under an optical microscope?
eyepiece lens, objective lenses, stage, light source, coarse and fine focus- forceps, scissors, scalpel, coverslip, slides, pipette, iodine solution
66
how to view onion cells under the microscope?
use a pair of tweezers to peel off the epidermal tissue of an onion and add a drop of water to a clean slide and place the epidermal tissue into water on the slide. Add a drop of iodine to stain the cell so structures within the cell can be observed, then place a coverslip on top of the specimen.
67
why are human cheek cells a good choice for examination under the light microscope?
they are plentiful, easy to obtain safely and can be obtained without an overly intrusive process. Additionally the are relatively undifferentiated and so will display the main cell structures.
68
mention some safety considerations while viewing a cheek cell?
do not perform the sampling on a person why has a cold, cough or throat infection. Concentrated methylene blue is toxic if ingested, so gloves should be worn.
69
what apparatus is needed to view a cheek cell?
glass microscope slides, coverslip, paper towel/ tissues, staining solution (methylene blue solution [0.5% to 1%, dilute according to concentration of the stock solution], plastic pipette or dropper, cotton wool buds or swabs.
70
how to view a cheek cell under a microscope?
brush teeth throughly as usual, removing bacteria from teeth so they don't obscure the view of the cheek cell. Take a clean, sterile cotton swab and gently scrape the inside of the mouth for 5-10 seconds. Smear the cotton swab on the centre of the microscope slide for 2-3 seconds. Add a drop of methylene blue solution and place a coverslip on top (long the coverslip down at one edge and then tilt it down flat, this reduces bubble formation under the coverslip). Absorb any excess solution by allowing a paper towel to touch one side of the coverslip, place the slide on the microscope, with *5 or *10 in position and find a cell, then view at a higher magnification to reveal more detail. Methylene blue stains negatively charged molecules in the cell, including DNA and RNA, this causes the nucleus and mitochondria appear darker than their surroundings. The cells seen are squamous epithelial cells from the epithelial layer of the mouth.
71
how are ciliated cells adapted for their function?
they have a thin layer of tiny hair (cilia) which can move and push mucus from one place to another. The mucus can transport trapped dust and microbiomes when it is pushed around by cilia.
72
how are red blood cells adapted for their function?
they transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where aerobic respiration occurs. The cytoplasm is filled the pigment haemoglobin, which carries oxygen and the cells have no nucleus, leaving more space for haemoglobin, and they are very flexible, hence can be forced through even the narrowest of blood vessels. They also have a biconcave shape for more surface area for haemoglobin.
73
how are motor nerve cells adapted for their function?
They conduct nerve impulses, the cell has a long fibre called an axon along which impulses travel, a fatty sheath which gives electrical insulation and a many branched ending which can not connect with many other cells.
74
how are sperm cells adapted for their function?
Sperm cells are male sex cells. The front of the cell is oval-shaped and contains a nucleus which carries genetic information. There is a tip called an acrosome, which secretes enzymes to digest the cells around an egg and egg membrane. Behind this is a mid-piece which is loaded with mitochondria to provide energy for movement. The tail moves with a whip-like action, enabling the sperm to swim. Their function is reproduction, achieved by fertilising an egg cell.
75
how are egg cells adapted for their function?
egg cells are larger than sperm cells and are spherical. They have a large amount of cytoplasm, containing yolk droplets made up of protein and fat. The nucleus carries genetic information, the function of the egg cell is reproduction.
76
how are root hair cells adapted for it's function?
These cells absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. The hair-like projection on each cell penetrates between the soil particles and offer large absorbing surface. The cell membrane is able to control which dissolved substances enter the cell.
77
how are palisade mesophyll cells adapted for their functions?
These are found underneath the upper epidermis of plant leaves, they are columnar (quite long) and packed with chloroplast to trap light energy. Their function is to make food for the plant by photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water and light energy.
78
what are tissues?
A group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function.
79
what are organs?
It is a structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.
80
what is an organ system?
It is a group of organs with related functions working together to perform a body function.
81
what is an organism?
Is an individual animal or plant, formed by all the organs and systems working together to produce an independent living thing.
82
What is magnification?
is the observed size of an image divided by the actual size of the specimen.
83
1cm= mm? 1cm= um? 1000mm= cm? 10000um= cm? 10000um= mm?
1cm= 10 mm 1cm= 10000 um 1000 mm= 100 cm 10000 um= 1 cm 10000 um= 10 mm
84
what is formula of magnification?
M= I/A

CAIE Biology 5090 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions