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Cells Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What is the structural unit of all living things

A

Cell

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Separates the nuclear material to the cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What are the parts of the cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane (cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane)

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6
Q

Control center of the cell and it contains dna

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Why is dna needed?

A

Building proteins and necessary for cell reproduction

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8
Q

What are the parts of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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9
Q

Double membrane that bounds the nucleus, it contains nuclear pores

A

Nuclear envelope

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10
Q

What is a jelly like fluid in the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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11
Q

Contains a dark straining nucleoli, it is the site of ribosome assembly, the site of protein synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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12
Q

Composed of dna wound around histones (proteins). Condenses to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane, site of most cellular activities

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

What are the parts of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles

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15
Q

Fluids that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes

A

Cytosol

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16
Q

Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients of cell products that float in the Cytosol

A

Inclusions

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17
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell

A

Organelles

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18
Q

What are the organelles of cytoplasm

A

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Chloroplast

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19
Q

What is the powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

Made of proteins and is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Fluid-filled tunnels or canals that carry substances within the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth and rough er

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23
Q

Synthesizes proteins, transport vesicles more proteins within cells, abundant in cells that make and export proteins

A

Rough er

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24
Q

Lacks ribosomes, functions in lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs and pesticides

A

Smooth er

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25
A stack of flattened membranes associated with tiny vesicles and modifies and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
26
What are the types of packages of cytoplasm
Secretory vesicle In house proteins and lipids Lysosomes
27
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Peroxisomes
28
Internal framework of the cell, network of protein structures that extend through the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
29
What are the three types of cytoskeleton
Microfillaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
30
Rod shaped bodies made of nine triplets of microtubules. It generates microtubules and directs the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrioles
31
Organelles in plant and algae cells that performs photosynthesis
Chloroplast
32
A pigment that absorbs sunlight and converts it into chemical enenergy
Chlorophyll
33
Thread like structures that contain dna and proteins and are found in the nucleus of cells
Chromosome
34
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA Protein Histones
35
A molecule that contains the instructions for making a living thing unique
DNA
36
Helps dna exist in correct form
Proteins
37
Proteins that allow chromosomes to pack up small enough to fit in the nucleus
Histones
38
What are the parts of chromosome
Centromere or primary constriction Secondary constriction Nucleolus organizing region Chromomeres and knobs
39
Permanent well defined region of the chromosome where the kinetic horse proteins attach to. Constricted region of a chromosome that joins sister chromatids together during cell division
Centromeres or primary constriction
40
Large protein complex that attaches chromosomes to microtubules during cell division
Kinetochore proteins
41
What are the types of chromosomes
Metacentric Submetacentric Afrocentric Tellcentric
42
Narrow area on a chromosome that can be used to identify a chromosome known as nucleolar organizer
Secondary constriction
43
Pinching off of small chromosomal section
Satellite
44
A chromosomal region that contains genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and essential for the formation of the nucleolus, which is a substance of the nucleus
Nucleolus organizing region
45
Chromosomes where nucleolus organizing region is located
Nucleolus organizer
46
Beads of granules of chromatin that are compacted through local dna and protein contraction
Chromomeres
47
Large Chromomeres that appear as cytological markers
Knobs
48
The process by which a cell splits into two daughter cells
Cell division
49
What are the types of cell division
Mitosis and meiosis
50
Process of creating new body cells and two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
51
Process of creating egg and sperm cells
Meiosis
52
First phase or gap period of the cell cycle, period of growth and preparation for the cell to divide and the longest phase in cell cycle
G1 phase
53
Where dna replication is done and occurs between g1 and g2 phase
S phase
54
Occurring after dna replication, where the cell prepares for cell division, final checkpoint to ensure everything is ready
G2 phase
55
Stage when a cell divides into two new cells and the period structural changes of chromosomes are visible
M phase
56
First stage of cell division in the cell cycle, the chromatin fibers condense onto visible chromosomes
Prophase
57
Where all the replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and considered as the checkpoint phase
Metaphase
58
Attached at the opposite side of the centromere
Spindle fibers
59
Replicated chromosomes separate and pulled apart Moving towards opposite poles of the cell and it is the shortest phase of mitosis
Anaphase
60
Final stage of mitosis which is the last phase of the cell cycle before the cell splits into new cells
Telophase
61
Process by which a cells cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells and is the final step of cell division
Cytokinesis
62
Accomplished by the formation of cell plate
Plant cells
63
Proceeds by furrowing
Animal cell
64
Process of creating egg and sperm cells and reduces the number of chromosomes by half to create sperm and egg cells
Meiosis
65
First stage of meiosis where parent cells splits into 2 daughter cells
Meiosis I reduction division
66
Second and final stage of meiosis that involves separation of sister chromatids
Meiosis II equation division
67
What are the two nuclear division
Meiosis I reduction division Meiosis II equation division
68
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic information which is called as homologous recombination
Prophase I
69
What are the sub stages of prophase I
Leptotine stage Zygotene stage Pachytene stage Diplotene stage Diakinesis
70
First phase of prophase 1 in meiosis, the bouquet stage
Leptotine stage
71
A process occurs synapsis chromosomes started to align and prepare for potential crossing over
Zygotene stage
72
A process where homologous chromosomes begin to pair up and come together
Synapsis
73
The third stage of meiosis prophase 1 Longest phase of prophase 1 and is characterized by the visible formation of tetras or bivalents
Pachytene stage
74
A series of stages an organism goes through from birth to death
Life cycles
75
Type of meiosis that occurs in the reproductive cells of an organism just before the formation of gametes
Terminal or gametic meiosis
76
Occurs in a diploid sporophyte stage
Intermediary or sporic meiosis
77
Occurs directly within a zygote
Initial or zygotic meiosis

Genetics (4 decks)

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