Cells

Question 1

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 1

Growth, repair, replacement

Question 2

What are the three pieces of evidence that support the theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 2

Double membrane, bacterial ribosomal RNA, own DNA genome

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 3

Contains DNA which controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

Question 4

State 3 differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus whereas eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome whereas eukaryotic cells have many linear chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cells have a plasmid where as eukaryotic cells have no plasmid.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles.

Question 5

What is meant by haploid?

Answer 5

Contains an unpaired set of chromosomes (1 of each homologous pair)

Question 6

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 6

A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another larger prokaryotic cell.

Question 7

List the stage of the cell cycle.

Answer 7

Interphase (G1, S, G2) , mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

Question 8

List the steps for making a wet mount slide.

Answer 8

Place a drop of water to mimic the natural conditions of a cell.
Place a thin piece of the sample of a microscope slide to allow light to go through it.
Place a drop of _____________ stain to see organelles or chromosomes.
Use a paper towel to draw this through so there is no excess.
Put a coverslip ontop of this.

Question 9

State what occurs during metaphase.

Answer 9

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of chromosome

Question 10

Why is a stain used when creating a wet mount slide?

Answer 10

So that specific cellular structures can be seen (e.g., nucleus / chromosomes / cell wall)

Question 11

State what occurs during prophase.

Answer 11

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Nuclear membrane disappears

Question 12

What is the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 12

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

Question 13

State what occurs during anaphase.

Answer 13

Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres

Question 14

What is the function of the cytosol?

Answer 14

Fluid part of the cell where some chemical reactions occur

Question 15

What is the role of the centrosomes?

Answer 15

Form spindle fibres

Question 16

State what occurs during telophase.

Answer 16

Two new nuclei form
2 new nuclear membranes form
Animal cells undergo cleavage where a cleavage furrow forms
Plant cells form a cell plate which will become a new cell wall

Question 17

Which stain is used on animal cells?

Answer 17

Methylene blue

Question 18

What is the function of the lysosome

Answer 18

Contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cellular material

Question 19

Which two organelles support the theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 19

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

Question 20

Describe the 3 parts of cell theory.

Answer 20

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All living things are made from one or more cells or from products of cells.

Question 21

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 21

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

Question 22

Which stain is used on plant cells?

Answer 22

Iodine

Question 23

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Answer 23

Site of photosynthesis

Question 24

What is a somatic cell? Is it diploid or haploid.

Answer 24

A body cell. Diploid.

Question 25

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 25

Question 26

Draw a chromosome before and after DNA replication.

Answer 26

Question 27

What occurs during G1 and G2 of interphase?

Answer 27

Normal cell functions like aerobic cellular respiration / protein synthesis / photosynthesis, growth and preparation to divide (YOU MUST GIVE A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE)

Question 28

Compare mitosis to meiosis.

Answer 28

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells whereas meiosis produces 4. Mitosis produces somatic cells whereas meiosis produces gametes. Mitosis produces diploid cells whereas meiosis produces haploid cells. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells whereas meiosis produces genetically varied cells. Mitosis occurs for growth, repair and replacement of cells whereas meiosis occurs to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 29

What occurs during S phase of interphase?

Answer 29

DNA replication

Question 30

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

Answer 30

Storage of cell sap

Question 31

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 31

Folds ___________ polypeptides into____ proteins and transports them into transport vesicles

Question 32

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 32

Division of the cytosol which results in the formation of new cells

Question 33

Explain why some cells have lots of mitochondria

Answer 33

Because the mitochondria provide energy for a cell via aerobic cellular respiration, then if a cell has high energy requirements they will therefore need lots of mitochondria.

Question 34

What is the function of a transport vesicle?

Answer 34

Transports ________ proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

Question 35

Compare an E.coli bacteria with a rose cell.

Answer 35

n E.coli bacteria has no nucleus / membrane bound organellles whereas a rose cell does. An E.coli bacteria has a single circular chromosome whereas a rose cell has mutliple linear chromosomes An E.coli has plasmids / mesosome whereas a rose cell does not

Question 36

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 36

Regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell

Question 37

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 37

Site of polypeptide synthesis

Question 38

Why is a thin sample used when creating a wet mount slide?

Answer 38

So that light can pass through the sample

Question 39

Draw and label a plant cell

Answer 39

Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum 80s ribosomes Cytosol Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle Secretory vesicle Cell wall Chloroplast Permanent vacuole Mitochondria

Question 40

What happens to the field of view as magnification decreases?

Answer 40

It increases

Question 41

What is a polypeptide

Answer 41

The sequence of amino acids (primary structure of a protein)

Question 42

Draw a eukaryotic animal cell

Answer 42

Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum 80s ribosomes Cytosol Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle Secretory vesicle Lysosome Mitochondria

Question 43

Draw a prokaryotic cell.

Answer 43

Plasma membrane, mesosome, cell wall, plasmid, single circular chromosome, 70s ribosomes, cytosol

Question 44

How do you calculate magnification?

Answer 44

Occular lens / eye piece (usually 10) x objective lens

Question 45

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 45

Provide structure and support to the cell

Question 46

What are the rules for a biological drawing?

Answer 46

Pencil only Plain white paper ½ page in size Include a title and magnification Label parts of the drawing Keep it simple – draw only what you see No shading Use a ruler to rule lines (straight lines – no arrow heads)

Question 47

What is meant by diploid?

Answer 47

Contains homologous pairs of chromosomes

Question 48

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 48

Final modification and packing of ________ proteins into secretory vesicles

Question 49

Which cell is a eukaroytic cell? Justify your answer.

Answer 49

Cell Y Cell Y has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles whereas Cell X (prokaryotic) does not

Question 50

Why is water used when creating a wet mount slide?

Answer 50

Prevent the sample from drying out and to mimic natural conditions of the cell

Question 51

What happens to the field of view as magnification increases?

Answer 51

It decreases

Question 52

Describe the role of the mitochondria in the protein production pathway

Answer 52

Site of aerobic cellular respiration this means that it releases the energy required for protein synthesis and secretion

Question 53

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 53

Produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 54

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 54

Controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

Question 55

What are the monomers of a protein?

Answer 55

Amino acids

Question 56

What is the function of a secretory vesicle?

Answer 56

Allow _______ protein to be secreted out of the cell by exocytosis.

Question 57

What is the role of spindle fibres during mitosis?

Answer 57

Pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase

Question 58

What is a gamete? Is it diploid or haploid.

Answer 58

A sex cell (sperm or egg). Haploid.