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Cells Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of bodily structures

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of how the body parts function

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3
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of abnormalities and disease

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4
Q

List the eleven major systems of the human body.

A
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Respiratory
  • Cardiovascular
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Integumentary
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Nervous
  • Immune
  • Lymphatic
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5
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

‘The condition of balance in the body’

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6
Q

What can result if homeostasis is disrupted?

A

Disease can result

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7
Q

What are some key variables that must be maintained within narrow ranges for homeostasis?

A
  • Core body temperature (36.5–37.5° C)
  • Water and mineral concentrations
  • pH of body fluids (Blood pH: 7.35–7.45)
  • Blood sugar (4–7 mmol / L)
  • Blood and tissue O2 / CO2 levels
  • Blood pressure
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8
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

A control system that reduces a level if it rises and raises it if it falls

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9
Q

What is a fever?

A

A temperature above 37.5° C

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10
Q

What role do mitochondria play in a cell?

A

Produce energy in the form of ATP

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores genetic information (DNA) and controls cell activities

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12
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Controls substance movement in/out of the cell

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13
Q

Define mitosis.

A

The process by which normal body cells reproduce, creating two identical cells

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14
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell (except sex cells) have?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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15
Q

What are genes?

A

Subsections of DNA that act as instructions for making proteins

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16
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

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17
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of substances from high to low concentration, requiring no energy

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18
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of substances from low to high concentration, requiring energy (ATP)

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19
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Connective
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20
Q

What is oxidative damage?

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A

Damage to cell structures by oxygen molecules (free radicals)

21
Q

What is the significance of the vital force?

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A

It influences all body systems and is connected to cell memory

22
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

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A

Produce proteins

23
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

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A

Houses cell structures and provides space for chemical reactions

24
Q

How do cells communicate with each other?

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A
  • Through cell junctions (adjacent cells)
  • Through hormones (distant cells)
25
What is the difference between DNA and a gene?
DNA carries the overall genetic code; genes are subsections of DNA
26
What is the study of the body's structures called?
Anatomy ## Footnote Anatomy provides the foundational knowledge required to understand bodily functions.
27
What does physiology explore?
How the body's structures function ## Footnote Physiology is crucial for understanding how anatomy operates under normal conditions.
28
What is pathology the study of?
Abnormalities and diseases that disrupt normal function ## Footnote Pathology relies on knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
29
In the context of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, what does anatomy represent?
The 'what' ## Footnote It describes the structures of the body.
30
In the context of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, what does physiology represent?
The 'how' ## Footnote It explains how body structures function.
31
In the context of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, what does pathology represent?
The 'what's wrong' ## Footnote It identifies and investigates diseases affecting normal body functions.
32
What is homeostasis?
The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes ## Footnote Homeostasis is critical for overall health and cell function.
33
What happens if homeostasis is not maintained?
Disease can result ## Footnote Cells require specific conditions to function properly.
34
List some bodily variables that must be kept within narrow ranges for homeostasis.
* Core body temperature * Water and mineral concentrations * pH of body fluids * Blood sugar levels * Blood and tissue O2/CO2 levels * Blood pressure * Flow of life force ## Footnote These variables are crucial for maintaining health.
35
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
Through negative feedback systems ## Footnote Control systems adjust levels back to normal when they deviate.
36
What is an example of homeostasis regulation?
Body temperature regulation through sweating and shivering ## Footnote These processes illustrate the body's response to temperature changes.
37
What is the role of the nucleus in a typical human cell?
Stores genetic information (DNA) and controls cell functions ## Footnote The nucleus is often referred to as the 'brain' of the cell.
38
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell ## Footnote It is a double-layered membrane primarily composed of fatty acids.
39
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produces energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration ## Footnote Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell.
40
What is cytoplasm?
A jelly-like substance that houses structures within the cell ## Footnote It facilitates chemical reactions within the cell.
41
What is the function of ribosomes?
Produce proteins ## Footnote Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.
42
What is mitosis?
The process by which normal body cells reproduce, creating two identical cells from one ## Footnote Mitosis is vital for growth and tissue repair.
43
How many chromosomes are copied and split during mitosis?
A full set of 46 chromosomes ## Footnote This ensures each daughter cell receives the correct genetic information.
44
Which types of cells have limited or no capacity for mitosis?
* Skeletal muscle cells * Brain cells ## Footnote These cells do not typically undergo division.
45
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid ## Footnote DNA carries the genetic code for an organism.
46
What are genes?
Subsections of DNA that act as instructions for making proteins ## Footnote Genes play a crucial role in determining traits.
47
What are chromosomes?
Thread-like structures of DNA located in the nucleus of cells ## Footnote Each cell (except sex cells) has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
48
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence ## Footnote Mutations can lead to variations in traits and may result in diseases.

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