Cells Flashcards
(18 cards)
State the four things found in every cell.
Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, DNA, and Cytoplasm.
State the parts of the cell theory.
1) All living things are made of calls, 2) All cells come from other cells, and 3) The cell is the smallest unit of life.
Differentiate between a light microscope and an electron microscope.
Electron microscopes send a beam of electrons through a specimen. Light microscopes send a beam of light through a specimen.
Deduce which type of microscope should be used in a given situation and tell why it should be used.
A light microscope is used on living organisms. An electron microscope is used on dead organisms. A transmission electron microscope allows you to see inside a dead organism. A scanning microscope allows you to see the surface of a dead organism.
Define magnification and resolution.
Magnification is how large an object appears. Resolution is the measurement of the smallest detail that can be distinguished.
State the levels of organization in multicellular organisms.
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems., Organism
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes have no nucleus, are unicellular, and their only organelles are ribosomes. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, can be both unicellular or multicellular, and have many membrane-bound organelles.
Compare plant and animal cells.
Plant cells are rectangular in shape, have chloroplast and a cell wall, have a large, central vacuole, and are smaller than animal cells. Animal cells come in a variety of shapes, have centrioles and lysosomes, many small vacuoles, and are bigger than plant cells.
State the structure and function of the different cellular organelles.
The nucleus is the location of genetic material and directs all cellular activities. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and controls photosynthesis. Mitochondria are also surrounded by a double membrane and controls cellular respiration. Ribosomes make proteins. RER is covered in ribosomes and is responsible for moving things around the cell. The Golgi Apparatus is a series of stacked membranes that are received on one side and sent out on the other. Vesicles control communication within the endomembrane system, like taxis. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down the cell’s food, and are responsible for endocytosis and exocytosis. SER is a network of interconnected membranes that form channels within a cell.
Explain why the surface area to volume ratio is important to a cell.
If the difference between surface area and volume becomes too big, not enough materials will enter the cytoplasm to sustain the cell.
Explain how the Endomembrane System works to produce a protein that is secreted and list in order the organelles that are involved in the process.
The endomembrane system includes the RER and Golgi Apparatus, the stacks in the Golgi Apparatus, and the Golgi Apparatus and the cell membrane.
List the organelles most involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Mitochondria (Cellular Respiration) and Chloroplast (Photosynthesis)
State the characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts that are evidences that support The Endosymbiotic Theory of evolution.
Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own ribosomes.
Describe the Fluid Mosaic model of the cell membrane.
The parts of the membrane can move within itself and is made up of lipids and phospholipids, which make it diverse.
Describe the function of each component of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids make up the head of the membrane, while fatty-acid forms the two tails. Cholesterol restrains phospholipid movement at warmer and temperatures and prevents the close packing of molecules at cooler temperatures. Carbohydrates are the basis of embryonic cells and the basis of immune system recognition of invaders.
List and describe the functions of membrane proteins.
Integral proteins are embedded and go through the bilayer. Transmembrane proteins allow materials to pass through the membrane. Peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane’s surface, or are embedded partially.
Describe and differentiate between active transport, passive transport and facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport uses ATP (energy) and goes against the concentration gradient. Passive Transport doesn’t use energy and goes with the concentration gradient.
Predict what will happen in a given situation with regards to tonicity and water movement.
(hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic)
In a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell and start to shrivel. In a hypotonic solution, water will enter the cell and could eventually burst. In an isotonic solution, no osmoregulation will occur and the cell will stay normal.
