Cells

Question 1

Name the parts (4) of the nucleus.

Answer 1

• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
• Nuclear pores
• Nuclear envelop

Question 2

Structure (5) of the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

• ‘Fluid mosaic model’
• Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic head on outside and hydrophobic tails protected inside
• Proteins in membranes
• Cholesterol attaches to prevent solidification in cool temperatures
• Carbohydrates attach

Question 3

Function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 3

• Compartmentalises interior cells and inside organelles

- Controls what exists and enters organelle or cell

Question 4

Name the parts (7) of Mitochondrion?

Answer 4

• Matrix
• Crista
• Ribosomes
• Outer membrane
• Inner membrane
• Loop of DNA
• Fluid filled space

Question 5

Function of the Mitochondrion?

Answer 5

• Makes energy available for the cell
• Use organic compounds (glucose) to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) uses in cells for energy
• very active cells will have higher amount of this

Question 6

Structure of the Mitochondrion?

Answer 6

Matrix: creates proteins (enzymes), contains DNA for coding proteins, enzymes for Kreb’s cycle

Double Membrane; inner- semipermeable to maintain conditions for enzymes, Outer- permeable to small molecules

Question 7

What does the inner membrane of the Mitochondrion allow to leave and enter?

Answer 7

• takes in pyrovic acid and oxygen to leave

- releases carbon dioxide and ATP

Question 8

Endosymbiotic theory…

Answer 8

Mitochondria; once individual prokaryotic cells, (since they contain their own DNA), then were engulfed by larger prokaryotes
- developed symbiotic relationship where larger cells benefitted from em every releases from Mitochondrion

Question 9

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 9

Type of vesicle; breaks down poisons using oxygen

Question 10

What are lysosomes?

Answer 10

• Type of vesicle which; uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down dead cells and foreign matter
• break down pathogens phagocytic cells

Question 11

Centrioles…

Answer 11

Near the nucleus;

- part of cell division by organising the chromosomes correctly

Question 12

Structure and function (4) of ribosomes?

Answer 12

• Protein synthesis
• Contains large and small ‘subunit’
• mRNA binding site for translation
• Moves along mRNA for decoding and polypeptide synthesis

Question 13

Function of nuclear envelop?

Answer 13

• protects DNA

Question 14

Function of nuclear pores?

Answer 14

• allows entry and exit of substances

E.g nucleotides

Question 15

Nucleoplasm function?

Answer 15

• chromatin granules that condense to form chromosomes during division
• contains nucleoli

Question 16

Function of the Nucleolus?

Answer 16

- produces; 
ribosomes, 
coenzymes, 
nucleotides, 
proteins and RNA molecules

Question 17

Structure and function of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 17

• layered stacks with vesicles

- packages proteins and modifies and sends them to specific parts of the cells

Question 18

Structure and function of SER? (4)

Answer 18

• no ribosome
• interconnected tubes
• production of lipids and carbohydrates that contribute to surface membrane
• produces steroids

Question 19

Structure and function of RER?

Answer 19

• contains ribosome attached

- works with ribosome to create protein to be transported across cell

Question 20

function of chloroplast?

Answer 20

• where photosynthetic reactions take place

- contains chlorophyll which absorbs light

Question 21

Name the parts (11) of an animal eukaryotic cell.

Answer 21

• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosome
• Lysosomes
• Golgi apparatus
• Cell surface membrane
• Vesicles
• Centrioles

Question 22

Structure and function of cytoskeleton

Answer 22

• microfilaments and microtubules
• holds shape of cell
• helps movement inside the cell
• keeps organelle in place
• transportation of vesicles
• makes up centrioles and spindle fibres

Question 23

Parts of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 23

• plasmid DNA
• Plasmid membrane
• DNA (chromosomal)
• Mesosomes
• cytoplasm
• cell wall
• capsule
• ribosome
• flagellum

Question 24

Function of nucleus

Answer 24

• coded genetic info
• synthesises protein
• dna and protein histories form chromatin

Question 25

Vesicles

Answer 25

• single membrane with fluid inside

- transports materials around cell

Question 26

Microfilaments

Answer 26

• fibrous protein actin

- cell movement and contraction; cytokinesis

Question 27

Microtubules

Answer 27

• globular Tubulidentata proteins
• determines shape of cell
• spindle fibres
• track for material transportation

Question 28

Chloroplast

Answer 28

• site for photosynthesis

- double membranes

Question 29

Diameter of eukaryotic cells

Answer 29

• 20-40 micrometers

Question 30

Diameter of prokaryotes

Answer 30

• 0.5-5 micrometers

Question 31

Diameters of ribosomes for both type of cells

Answer 31

• prokaryotes; 18nm

- eukaryotes; 22nm

Question 32

How is DNA found in both types of cells

Answer 32

• prokaryotes; free and naked and plasmid DNA

- eukaryotes; bound to histones to form chromatin

Question 33

Cell wall

Answer 33

• cellulose
• gives plants shape
• rigid, defends mechanism for plants; protection from pathogens

Question 34

Need for compartmentalisation in cells and examples

Answer 34

• separates incompatible reactions
• anabolic and catabolic require different conditions
• prevents damage from hydrolytic enzymes
• eg nucleus, vesicles, lysosomes