Cells Flashcards

Question

cell-surface receptors

Answer 1

detect chemical messages

Answer 2

identify cells to other cells

Answer 3

used to glue cells together

Answer 4

attach proteins which interact with other cells to the cytoskeleton

Answer 5

protein channels that span the membrane and allow ions to move across in either direction

Answer 6

a membrane protein which transports ions, sugars, amino acids, etc.

Answer 7

when carriers help in the transport

Answer 8

specific, passive, and saturates

Answer 9

can only pick up a certain kind

Answer 10

doesn't use energy

Answer 11

if all carrier proteins are in use, even if concentration gradient goes up, transport won't increase. they won't go anywhere if the carriers are already saturated.

Answer 12

mixture of substances in water

Answer 13

substance which dissolves another

Answer 14

substance being dissolved

Answer 15

net movement of water across a membrane by diffusion

Answer 16

water channels in the membrane

Answer 17

the concentration of all the solutes in a solution

Answer 18

solution has more solutes

Answer 19

solution has less solutes

Answer 20

the concentrations of the solutes are the same

Answer 21

pressure of the cytoplasm against the cell wall

Answer 22

pressure that must be applied to cell membrane to get the water to quit moving

Answer 23

contracting a vacuole

Answer 24

body circulates an isosmotic solution that bathes the cells and maintains balance

Answer 25

internal pressure in plant cells pressing on membrane- if it is lost, plant wilts

Answer 26

moving solids

Answer 27

moving liquids

Answer 28

when certain molecules go into the cell. specific receptor for specific molecules to go into the cell to go where they need to go.

Answer 29

proteins that move sodium and potassium. more than 1/3 of all energy spent by an animal cell is used in moving sodium and potassium ions. Most animal cells have low concentrations of sodium and high concentrations of potassium inside. the maintain this difference by actively pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. 3 sodium leave and 2 potassium enter in every cycle each pump can move 300 sodium per second

Answer 30

many molecules are transported in the cell against the concentration gradient using ATP indirectly. the molecules move with sodium ions or protons

Answer 31

when a molecule moves into or out off the cell when another molecule is going in the opposite direction

Answer 32

a typer of counertransport where ATP is produced when proton pumps (proteins) move H+ across the membrane by moving H+'s

Answer 33

target cell detects signal molecule

Answer 34

when signal binds to receptor protein, receptor changes shape. This converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cell response. This can be single step or mullti-stepped.

Answer 35

signal triggers response from cell

Answer 36

what cells use in order to select what signals to respond to

Answer 37

when cells are close to each other, some of the molecules on the membranes bind together important in early development

Answer 38

they aren't touching each other but they are close occurs when signal molecules are taken up by nearby cells plays role in developmet, coordinating activities with neighboring cells

Answer 39

occurs when signal enters an organisms bloodstream and travels some distance HORMONES- signal molecules that affect cells some distance away from signaling cell hormones are made by glands and leave a place to get a response to get them where they need to go (target cell)

Answer 40

they have to cross the synapse occurs when the cells of the nervous system provide fast communication with far away cells neurotransmitters- signal molecules of the nervous system neurotransmitters don't travel the bloodstream; the long, fiber-like extensions of nerve cells release them. synapse- the narrow gap between a nerve cell and its target cell

Answer 41

some cells even talk to themsellves

Answer 42

proteins which change extracellular signals into intracellular ones causing a change within the cytoplasm

Answer 43

receptor proteins that let ions through

Answer 44

catalyze reaction- goes quicker

Answer 45

helpers receptor can't entirely do the job so it has a helper protein

Answer 46

a helper protein- used to help get the signal from the membrane's surface to inside thecell Signal Binds to receptor protein which is linked to a G protein inside the cell receptor protein changes shape and twists the G protein G protein binds to GTP (guanosine triphosphate) This activated complex of G protein- GTP is free to do a number of things such as activate an ion channel or activate an enzyme GTP has a short lifespan so for the pathway of transmission to stay on, there must be a continuous supply of incoming signals

Answer 47

some enzyme receptors and G linked protein receptors carry the signal's message by using other substances to do the relaying in the cytoplasm

Answer 48

the signal binds to the receptor protein and with the help of a G protein, activates and enzyme in the membrane, adenyl cyclase this enzyme catalyzes the production of cAMP cAMP binds to the target protein and starts the response in the cell

Answer 49

the signal binds to the receptor protein and with the help of a G protein activates an enzyme called phospholipase C Phospholipase C starts the production of inositol triphosphate which binds to and opens calcium channels in the membrane of the ER This causes release of Calcium into the cytoplasm which causes a change in the cell

Answer 50

both enzyme-linked and G protein receptor proteins receive signals at the surface of the cell. The target cell's response rarely takes place there though. Most of the time, signals go into the cytoplasm by second messengers This influences enzymes and genes which alters the behavior of the cell Most signal molecules are found in low concentration so it would take forever to get a response unless the signal is amplified or "turned up" rapid production of high levels of the final product as opposed to a little bit the receptor protein receives the signal which activates a stage one protein these stage one protein activate a large number of stage two proteins each stage two protein activates a large number of stage three proteins therefore a single cell surface receptor protein can stimulate a cascade of protein kinases to amplify the signal most enzymes are regulated by the attachment of the end phosphate on ATP

Answer 51

most surface markers are this type. responsible for A, B, O blood groups

Answer 52

used by the immune system to distinguish "self" from "nonself"cells Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins- serve as Id Markers to for each individual cells of the immune system constantly inspect other cells triggering the destruction of cells that display nonself markers proteins that indicate tissues can get along with eachother

Answer 53

long-lasting or permanent connections between cells | the type of connection determines what the tissue is like

Answer 54

prevent small molecules from leaking between cells | allows sheets of cells to act like a wall in an organ keeping molecules on one side or the other

Answer 55

mechanically anchor cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of another most common in tissues which experience physical stress like muscles and skin Desmsomes- anchoring junctions that connect cytoskeletons

Answer 56

allow communication between adjacent cells by linking cytoplasms so molecules can pass through

Answer 57

in animals; made of connexons | GAPs that molecules can go through

Answer 58

in plants; occur in gaps in cell wall | spaces in cell wall that molecules go through

Answer 59

plasma membrane nucleus or nucleoid cytoplasm

Cells Flashcards

(83 cards)