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Cells Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

cell wall

A

protects cell from outside environment and maintains shape. Also prevents cell from bursting if internal pressure rises

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of cell. Contains integral and peripheral proteins. Substances pass through by active or passive transport

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

contains enzymes used to catalyze chem reactions of metabolism and contains DNA in region called nucleoid. Ribosomes found in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Pili

A

help bacteria adhere to each other for exchange of genetic material. Helps attach to diff substances

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5
Q

Flagella

A

propells bacteria to move around by the use of the motor protein

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis. contributes to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA

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7
Q

nucleoid

A

region containing naked DNA — stores hereditary material (genetic info) — controls cell and will be passed on to daughter cells

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8
Q

plasmid DNA

A

additional DNA mole that can exist and replicated independently of the genophore — it can be transmitted between bactorial species

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9
Q

Capsule

A

thick polysaccharide layer — protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

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10
Q

mesosome

A

sight of respiration

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11
Q

cytosol

A

refers to semifluid portion of cytoplasm. includes cytosol and organelles (except nucleus). Contains proteins, lipids, carbs, salts and other solutes. Chem reactions take place

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12
Q

Cytoskeleten

A

small tubules and filaments — suspended in cytosol and provides support and shape

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13
Q

nuclues

A

control center. contains DNA

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14
Q

Rough EDR

A

ribosom embedded on surface. pack proteins — secreted into sacs

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15
Q

smooth EDR

A

involved production of lipids (cholesteral) and (sex) hormones. Also in detoxifaction of substances

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

processing proteins

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17
Q

lysosomes

A

holds digestive enzymes capable of digesting substances inside cell. engulf old, worn out organelles

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18
Q

mitochondrian

A

‘powerhouse’ of cell — produce ATP, responsible for aerobic respiration

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19
Q

plastids

A

occur in plants and photosynthetic eukaryotes. incl chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis), lecicoplasts (stores starch, proteins and oils) and chromoplasts

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20
Q

vacuoles

A

storage. salts, ions and water

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21
Q

centrioles

A

animal cells only. composed of set of microtubules and form spindles during cell division

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22
Q

basic 3 components of cell theory

A
  1. all orgs composed of 1+ cells
  2. Cell is basic unit of life in all living
  3. All cells produced by division of pre-existing cells
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23
Q

7 functions of life

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Metabolism
  3. Growth
  4. Response
  5. Excretion
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Reproduction
24
Q

two key properties of stem cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. stem cells can divide again and again to produce new cells —– useful for growth of tissues or replacement of cells lost or damaged
  2. not fully differentiated — can differentiate to produce differet cell type
25
Sources of stem cells
embryonic, cord blood, adult,
26
Eukaryotics
have compartment in cells that contain chromosoms | nucleus bounded by nuclear envelope consisting of double layer of membrane
27
Prokaryotics
do not have nucleus were 1st org to evolve on earth and still have simplest cell structure mostly small found almost everywhere; soil, water, skin etc
28
endocrine gland cells
secrete hormones into blood stream
29
exocrine gland cells
secrete digestive enzymes into duct --- carries them to small intestine where they digest food
30
hydrophilic
attracted to water
31
hydrophobic
not attracted to water
32
Common features of cells
Every cell surrounded by membrane Cells contain genetic material – stores all instructions needed for cell’s activities Many these activities chem reactions --- catalysed by enzymes Cells have own energy release system powers all of cells activities
33
How does striated muscle conform to and question cell theory
``` Conform: surrounded by membrane have own genetic material and energy release system Deviates: much larger ave 30mm length many nuclei ```
34
How does giant algae conform to and question cell theory
Conforms: store genes inside nuclei Deviates: large --- 100mm
35
SA: V ratio -- if too small? | in absorbing and excreting substances
substances not enter cell as quickly as required, and waste products accumulate --- produced more rapidly than excreted
36
SA:V ratio --- if too small? | in heat production and loss
cells may overheat | because metabolism produces heat faster than is lost over surface
37
What is tissue?
when a group of cells specialize in the same way to perform the same function by becoming specialized carry out role more efficiently develop ideal structure
38
Gene being expressed
when gene is being used in the cell
39
How does cell differentiation happen?
a diff sequence of genes is expressed in diff cell types | control of gene expression therefore key to development
40
two properties of stem cells
can divide again and again --- to produce quantities of new cells, for growth of tissues or replacement not full differentiated --- can differentiate
41
difference betw Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
E --- have nucleus, -- compartmentalised | P --- dont
42
Advantages of being compartmentalised
- more concentrated enzymes and substrates - substances that could cause damage can be kept inside membrane of an organelle - conditions maintained at ideal level for particular process - organelles can be moved around
43
Function of Palisade mesophyll
cell type carries out most photosynthesis in leaf
44
Amphipathic
substances part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic e.g phospholipid
45
Functions of membrane proteins
- hormone binding sites - immobilized enzymes with active site on outside - cell adhesion - cell to cell communication - channels for passive transport - pumps for active transport
46
Role of cholesterol
- disrupts regular packing of tails so prevents them from crystallizing and behaving as a solid - restricts molecular motion - reduces permeability to hydrophilic particles
47
What are vesicles
small sacs of membrane with droplet of fluid inside
48
What can vesicles be used for?
movement of materials around inside cells or to release materials from cells
49
what are the four methods of moving particles across membranes?
simple diffusion osmosis active transport facilitated diffusion
50
define simple diffusion
spreading out of particles in liquids and gases move particles from area of lower concentration --- down concentration gradient involves particles passing through phospholipids in membrane
51
define facilitated diffusion
helps particles pass through from higher to lower concentration -channels in p memb allow ions and particles that cannot diffuse to pass through
52
osmosis
passive movement of water moles through partially permeable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration
53
active transport
cells taking in substances against concentration gradient ATP pump proteins
54
Hypertonic solution
solution with higher osmolarity | water leaves cells by osmosis ---- cytoplasm shrinks in volume
55
hypotonic solution
lower osmolarity | cells take in water and swell up
56
isotonic solution
solution with same osmolarity as cells | water moles enter and leave at same rate --- healthy

Biology (5 decks)

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