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Cells Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Photomicrograph

A

A photo taken through a microscope to show a magnified photo of an item.

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2
Q

Eyepiece graticule

A

Glass disc fitted into the eyepiece.

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3
Q

Stage micrometer

A

Piece of equipment to calibrate the eye piece graticule

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4
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Fine structure and can only be seen by an electron microscope

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

A

A cell with membrane bound organelle.

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6
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A cell without a nucleus or membrane bound organelle.

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7
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double lipid bolster which surrounds the nucleus

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8
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Allows the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus.

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9
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Bulls up and protects the nucleus

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like structure which carries genetic information

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

Spherical structure in the cell during interphase

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12
Q

Double membrane

A

2 bio membrane layers which surround certain organelles or structures.

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13
Q

Cristae

A

Extensions of the inner membrane. Provide a larger Surface area

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14
Q

Matrix

A

Makes up rest of mitochondria. Contains proteins, lipids, ribosome and Dna

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15
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Produced during respiration.

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Movement from molecules from a low to high concentration. Requiring ATP

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17
Q

Chloroplast envelope

A

Membrane which surrounds organelle

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18
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of 100 disc like structure called thylakoids

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19
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Within thylakoids there are photosynthetic pigments.

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20
Q

Stroma

A

Second stage of photosynthesis occurs

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21
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum. (RER)

A

Ribsomes are presented on the membrane

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22
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

No ribosomes on surface

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Appears in most eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

Cisternae

A

Makes up the Golgi, they are flattened sacs.

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25
Phagocytic
Mechanism by which cells engulf particles to form a vesicles or a vacuole
26
Ribosome
Cytoplasmic granules found in all cells
27
80s
Eukaryotic cells
28
70s
Prokaryotic cells
29
Middle lamellae
Thin layers in the cell wall
30
Chitin
Makes up fungi cell walls
31
Genes
Section of DNA on a chromosome coding for one or more polypeptides
32
Epithelial tissues
In animals and consists of sheets of cells
33
Xylem
In plants and is used to transport water
34
Digestive system
Digest and process food
35
Respiratory system
Used for breathing and gas exchange
36
Circulatory system
Pumps and circulates blood
37
Eukaryotic cells
Large and have a nuclear membrane
38
Prokaryotic cells
Small with no nucleus
39
Cell wall
A wall of protection. In bacteria consists of murein
40
Capsule
A way of protecting the bacteria further
41
Cell surface membrane
Inside the cell containing 70s ribosome
42
Circular strand of DNA
Genetic code of DNA is like this
43
Plasmids
Smaller, circular pieces of DNA
44
Nucleic acids
Genetic material which can replicate. (DNA or RNA)
45
Capsid
Protects nucleic acids
46
Attachment proteins
Allow the viruse to identify and attach to a host cell
47
Mitosis
Cell division which produces 2 daughter cells
48
Meiosis
Cell division which creates 4 daughter cells
49
Chromosome
Thread like structure made up of protein and DNA. Passes on to the next generation
50
Mutation
A change in the amount/arrangement of nucleic bases
51
Interphase
Period when the cell isn't dividing
52
Spindle fibres
Pulls chromosomes to the poles of the cell
53
Spindle apparatus
When spindle fibres are grouped together
54
Chromatin
Makes up chromosomes
55
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides
56
Binary fission
Cell division in prokaryotic cells
57
Haploid
Cells with a single strand copy of each chromosome
58
Diploid
Nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes
59
Cell cycle
Cell division that regularly separate by cell growth
60
Nuclear division
Nucleus divides either into 2 or 4
61
Plasma membranes
All membrane in/around the cell
62
Protein channels
Channels/tubes which allow water-soluble ions to diffuse across the membrane
63
Carrier proteins
Bind to ions/molecules. Changes shape to move the molecules across the membrane
64
Lymphocytes
White blood cells responsible for the immune system
65
Fluid mosaic model
The way the molecules are combined into the cell surface membrane
66
Fluid
Membrane becomes flexible
67
Mosaic
Proteins in the phospholipid bolster vary in shape, size and pattern
68
Kinetic energy
Energy that an object poses due to its motion
69
Co transport
Individually moving molecules using a concentration gradient. (Previously used by active transport)
70
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate. Found in all living organisms. Produced during respiration.
71
Sodium potassium pump
A molecule moving into a cell while another molecule leaves the cell.
72
Micro villi
Finger like projections on cell surface membrane. Allows for more diffusion.
73
Carrier molecule
A protein on the cell surface which helps transport molecules across a plasma membrane
74
Pathogen
Microorganism which causes a disease
75
Immunity
Body cells kill pathogen before cells replicate
76
Non-self
Foreign cells
77
Self
Bodies own cells and molecules
78
Phagocytes
Ingest and destroy pathogen
79
Lymphocytes
Immune response
80
Phagosome
Engulf pathogen to form a vesicle
81
Lysozyme
Enzymes present in the lysosome
82
Non-specific
Immune response. Occurs when an infection does
83
Specific
A response to react to a specific antigen
84
B cells
Antibodies present in blood plasma
85
T cells
Immunity involving body cells
86
Antigen presenting cells
Cells which display foreign antigen on their surface
87
Cell mediated immunity
T cells react when an antigen are on a body cell
88
Antibodies
Protein produced by lymphocytes in response to antigen
89
Endocytosis
The inward transportation of large molecules into the cell surface membrane
90
Clonal selection
B cells clone by mitosis. Which produce an antibody for the right antigen
91
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibody produced by a single clone of cells
92
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies into blood plasma
93
Primary immune response
Production of memory cells and antibodies
94
Memory cells
Responsible for secondary immune response. Remembering the correct antibody for the antigen
95
Mitosis
Cell divisor of body cells
96
Heavy chains
Polypeptide chains which are long
97
Antigen antibody complex
Antibody binds to specific antigen
98
Variable region
Bonding site of every antibody is different
99
Passive immunity
Produced by an introduction of antibodies from a different source
100
Active immunity
Produced by a stimulation of antibodies by own immune system
101
Natural active immunity
Result from individual being infected with disease naturally
102
Artificial active immunity
Forms the basis of vaccination
103
Vaccine
Contains antigen from a pathogen which are dead. Which trigger memory cells
104
Herd immunity
Vaccinations vast majority of vulnerable people
105
AIDS
HIV can develop into this
106
Lipid envelope
Surrounds the cell
107
attachment proteins
Allows attachment to other antibodies
108
Capsid
Protects the RNA and enzymes
109
RNA
Single strand of DNA
110
Reverse transcriptase
Catalyses production of DNA into RNA
111
Retro viruses
HIV belongs to this group of viruses
112
Messenger RNA
A single strand of DNA which goes to the cytoplasm
113
HIV positive
Infected with HIV
114
Enzyme linked immunosabant assay. (ELISA)
Detects protein made by HIV
115
Murein
Tough material. Hard to stretch. Found in most cell walls
116
Electrons
Negatively charge subatomic particle. Orbits the nucleus.

Biology Keywords (4 decks)

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