Cells

Question 1

What do cells need to survive?

Answer 1

Cells require energy inputs, including light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules, and matter, including gases, simple nutrients and ions, and removal of water to survive

Question 2

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common, which is a reflection of their common evolutionary past, but prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound organelles, do not have a nucleus are significantly smaller than eukaryotes, usually have a single circular chromosome, and exist as single cells

Question 3

What is metabolism

Answer 3

Metabolism describes the sum total of the physical and chemical processes by which cell components transform matter and energy needed to sustain life.

Question 4

Define cell membrane

Answer 4

Semi porous plasma membrane around the outside of cells made of a bilateral comprising of phospholipids.

Question 5

Function of the cell membrane

Answer 5

Establishes cell boundaries, ensures contents are held inside cells, allows movement if some substances in and out of the cell, but not others (semi permeable)

Question 6

Define nucleus.

Answer 6

An organelle within a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed with a double membrane and contains pores in the nucleus.

Question 7

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 7

Allow substances in and out, contains chromosomes which carry DNA, and is the site if DNA transcription within the cell

Question 8

What is the cytoplasm

Answer 8

All contents of the cell, other than the nucleus.

Question 9

Function of cytoplasm

Answer 9

Synthesises proteins and fats; also first stages of ATP release

Question 10

What is cytosol

Answer 10

Semi fluid substance in the cytoplasm

Question 11

What is the mitochondria

Answer 11

Has an inner and outer membrane, and many layers of folded membrane inside (Cristae)

Question 12

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 12

It is where most of the process of cellular respiration occurs.

Question 13

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 13

Where photosynthesis occurs

Question 14

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

Isolates and transports proteins synthesised by ribosomes

Question 15

Function of ribosomes

Answer 15

Make protein from amino acids

Question 16

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

Formation and transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Also protects cell from harmful compounds eg drugs

Question 17

Function of Golgi apparatus

Answer 17

Where lipids and proteins are modified and sorted. Like a processing station for the cell. Secretory vesicles break off the Golgi apparatus and expel materials made by the cell.

Question 18

Function of lysosomes

Answer 18

Contain digestive enzymes that split complex chemical compounds into simple ones, including getting rid of organelles thT no longer function properly. Can also chase cell death

Question 19

What is the function of vacuoles

Answer 19

Storage and digestion in animals. In plants, main role to maintain turf or pressure

Question 20

Function of centrioles

Answer 20

Help cell division and formation of spiracle fibres

Question 21

Function of cell wall

Answer 21

Give plants turgidity and strength

Question 22

Draw the model of the cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)

Answer 22

Refer to book for diagram

Question 23

How does movement of materials across membranes occur?

Answer 23

Passive process: diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
Active process: include active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 24

What are the factors affecting exchange materials across the membrane?

Answer 24

Surface area to volume ratio, concentration gradient, physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged

Question 25

What happens to biological molecules when they are synthesised from monomers?

Answer 25

Complex structures including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are produced

Question 26

What factors control biochemical processes in the cell?

Answer 26

Nature and arrangement of internal membranes and the pressure of specific enzymes

Question 27

Draw a prokaryote cell

Answer 27

Refer to book

Question 28

Convert mm in to micrometers

Answer 28

1mm equals 1000micro metres

Question 29

Draw and label an animal cell

Answer 29

Refer to book

Question 30

Draw and label a plant cell

Answer 30

Refer to book

Question 31

Refer to book for magnification formulas

Answer 31

:)

Question 32

What are organic molecules?

Answer 32

Often large molecules made up of smaller subunits, bonded together in various ways

Question 33

List organic molecules

Answer 33

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Question 34

What is a polymer

Answer 34

Compounds made of subunits

Question 35

What are carbohydrates

Answer 35

Molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 36

Carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, dosaccharide and a polysaccharide

Answer 36

Mono- sugar/glucose Di- sucrose Poly- cellulose

Question 37

Roles of carbohydrates

Answer 37

Source of energy for cells, structuctural support in plant, outer coating of insects and spiders

Question 38

What are proteins

Answer 38

Large molecules made of subunits called amino acids that contain, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and comets es Sulfur and phosphorous

Question 39

How do amino acids from to make proteins?

Answer 39

They are bonded together by peptide bonds to make protein

Question 40

What are lipids

Answer 40

Molecules of fats, oil and water containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

Question 41

What is nucleic acid?

Answer 41

DNA and RNA

Question 42

Function of DNA

Answer 42

Codes for production of proteins

Question 43

Function of RNA

Answer 43

Transfer DNA codes to ribosomes for production of proteins

Question 44

Why is the cell membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic model

Answer 44

Fluid because molecules,es that make it home are onctantky changing and mosaic because it is composed of many different types of molecules

Question 45

What are phospholipid molecules

Answer 45

Lipid molecules containing a phosphate group

Question 46

What is a phospholipid by layer

Answer 46

Two layers of phospholipids

Question 47

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 47

Mitochondria

Question 48

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 48

Cytoplasm

Question 49

Products produced in plants in aerobic respiration?

Answer 49

CO2 and H2O

Question 50

What products produced in plants in anaerobic respiration

Answer 50

Alcohol and CO2

Question 51

What is products produced in animals in aerobic respiration

Answer 51

CO2 and H2O

Question 52

Products produced in animals in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 52

Lactic acid

Question 53

Amount of ATP produced in aerobic respiration?

Answer 53

36-38 ATP

Question 54

Amount of ATP produced in anaerobic respiration

Answer 54

2 ATP

Question 55

Two organic substances that can be broken down in cellular respiration?

Answer 55

Glucose and amino acids

Question 56

Two organisms in which fermentation occurs

Answer 56

Bacteria and plants

Question 57

What is the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis

Answer 57

Carbon dioxide plus water in the presence of light and chlorophyll equals glucose and oxygen

Question 58

Where does light dependent state occur in photosynthesis?

Answer 58

Thylakoids membranes

Question 59

Where does light independent stage occur in photosynthesis?

Answer 59

Stroma

Question 60

What are the reactants in the light dependent stage?

Answer 60

H2O

Question 61

What are the reactants in the light independent stage?

Answer 61

CO2, H and ATP

Question 62

What are the products in the light dependent stage

Answer 62

H+, O2 and ATP

Question 63

What are the products in the light independent stage?

Answer 63

Glucose

Question 64

What is pinocytocis?

Answer 64

Cell drinking, when minerals and vesicles are small

Question 65

What is phagocytosis

Answer 65

Cell eating, when materials are large.

Question 66

What is the similarity between pinocytocis and phagocytosis?

Answer 66

Both take substances into the cell

Question 67

What is endocytocis?

Answer 67

Transport of materials into the cell. Materials are enclosed by a fold of cell membrane, which pinches shut to form a closed vesicles

Question 68

What are the two types of endocytocis?

Answer 68

Phagocytosis and pinocytocis

Question 69

What is exocytosis?

Answer 69

Transport of materials out of a cell where materials Are enclosed in a membrane.

Question 70

What facilitates active transport

Answer 70

Requires ATP and substances are pumped across the membrane

Question 71

What happens to to plant leaf during the night?

Answer 71

Starch to sucrose for export to cells in leaves

Question 72

What happens to leaf during the day?

Answer 72

Glucose converts to sucrose and starch

Question 73

What is fascilitated diffusion?

Answer 73

A form of passive transport, where transport proteins needed to move molecules across because they are water soluble

Question 74

What are autotrophs

Answer 74

Organisms that make their own food, eg plants

Question 75

What are phototropism

Answer 75

Green plants and algae are able to use light energy to synthesise their own organic materials

Question 76

What are chemotrophs

Answer 76

Are able to harness the energy release in exergonic chemical reactions to synthesise their organic food

Question 77

Label and draw cross section of a leaf

Answer 77

Refer to book

Question 78

Label and draw a palisade cell

Answer 78

Refer to book

Question 79

Label and draw chloroplast

Answer 79

Refer to book.

Question 80

What does ATP consist of

Answer 80

Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

Question 81

Cellular respiration definition

Answer 81

Chemical process by which organic molecules, taken in as food are broken down in the cell p, to release energy