Cells Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is a eukaryote?
A cell that contains a nucleus
What is a prokaryote?
Cells that do not have a nucleus , e.g. Bacteria, red blood cells
What is contained in a nucleus?
DNA and chromatin (associated proteins found in the cell)
What is the name of double membrane of the nucleus ?
Nuclear envelope
What is the name of the small holes found in the double membrane and what do they do?
Nuclear pores- these allow proteins to diffuse in and mRNA to diffuse out
What is the dense structure within the nucleus called and what does it do?
Nucleolus- the ribosomes are made here
What does respiration do?
Respiration produces ATP
What is the name of the structures formed by inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Cristae- this increases the surface area so it allows for more room for enzymes that are involved in respiration
What is found in the inside the double membrane and what does it do?
Matrix- this contains enzymes which are involved in respiration
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (r-ER)
It is a bag of membrane which has ribosomes on the outside and it’s involved in protein synthesis (folding and processing of proteins)
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
It is a bag of membrane involved in the processing and modification of lipids
What is the function of Golgi apparatus?
it forms lysosomes and it modifies proteins and lipids that were produced by the r-ER
What are the function of vesicles?
membrane bound pacakges of proteins/lipids which can move in between organelles
function of lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes (lysozomes) which to break down old redundant organelles in the cell
why does high mutation rate make it difficult to develop a vaccine
mutation will cause antigenic variability
vaccines contain specific antigen
antibodies that are produced would not be complimentary to change antigen
How does a vaccine work?
Vaccine contains an antigen
Antigen is presented on antigen presenting cell
This causes specific T helper cell to bind to antigen on the B cell and STIMULATES THE CELL
This leads to B cell clonal selection to produce plasma cells
Plasma cells produce antibodies
difference between prokaryotic cell DNA and eukaryotic cell DNA
eukaryotic DNA associated with histones, prokaryotic DNA isn’t
eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is short and circular
what are monoclonal antibodies?
antibodies produced from single clone of B cells
features of a successful vaccine program
Produces few side effects
Must be economically viable
Must have trained personnel to administer the vaccine
Must have means of transporting the vaccine
Define herd immunity
Where most of the population is vaccinated to protect those who aren’t vaccinated
Unlikely that two unvaccinated people are in contact with each other
How HIV replicates
HIV capsule fuses with cell membrane of T Helper Cell
HIV release viral enzymes + viral RNA into host cell
Reverse transcriptase convert RNA to DNA
Viral mRNA can be transcribed and produce viral proteins and viral particles
Define active immunity
When body is stimulated to produce their own antibodies
Memory cells are produced
Define passive immunity
Antibodies are entered into the body
No memory cells are produced so no long lasting immunity
Describe the process of phagocytosis
Phagocytes are attracted to pathogen due to chemical (attractants)
The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle called a phagosome
Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome and release hydrolytic enzymes called lysozomes which hydrolyse the phagosome
