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Cells Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Oxidation

A

Loosing elections

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2
Q

Reduction

A

Gaining elections

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3
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

H+ atoms trying to get back into mitochondria through ATP Synthase enzyme causing it to spin and make ATP

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4
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Phosphorylation: ADP bumping into P = ATP in ATP Synthase of mitochondria membrane (when H+ comes through)

Oxidative: phosphorylation happening because of oxidation (loosing e-) of NADH/FADH2 and the membrane enzymes.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A 
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate 
Own genome (circular DNA)
Self-replicating - binary fusion
Make own rRNA, tRNA, proteins for Electron Transport Chain, parts of ATP Synthase
Has own unique genetic code
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6
Q

Electron Transport Chain in Mitochondria

A

NADH and FADH2 oxidize (loose 2 electrons). 2 electrons hop from enzymes to enzyme on inner membrane (releasing energy) until they reach 1/2O2.
O2 + 2H + 2e = H2O

Released energy pushes H+ out of the matrix into outer membrane space which flow into ATP Synthase causing it to spin and bump ADP and P = ATP

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7
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Makes ATP in mitochondria

  1. Glycolysis - Glucose splits into 2 Pyruvates (in cytoplasm)
  2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC): Puruvate into Acetyl-COA
  3. Krebs Cycle: Acetyl-COA into NADH & FADH2 (electron carriers)
  4. Electron Transport Chain on inner mitochondrial membrane
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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomal RNA then ribosomes

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Protein synthesis “Factory” labyrinth

Rough: ribosomes. Protein synthesis.

Smooth: no ribosomes. Makes lipids. (Steroids). Metabolize (break/build) carbs. Detox. Sends proteins to Golgi in a bud

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

“Mail Room” for protein from RER. Follows “secretory pathway”. Proteins bud off from RER and attach to Golgi which moves them to final destination

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

“Recycling Center”. Hydrolytic enzymes.
Digest crap material or extra secretions then release the building blocks for recycling.

pH 5

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12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide

Break down long fatty acid chains by beta-oxidation

Reduces toxic material into non-toxic. Like reactive O2 (peroxide)

Uses catalase to make H2O and O2

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13
Q

Cis and Trans

A

Closest and farthest

Same side and opposite side

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14
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Release hormones straight to organ

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15
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release hormones into bloodstream

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16
Q

Endothelium

A

Epithelial tissue that makes up blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports, connects, separates

Cells, viscous fluid, fibers

Bones, cartilage, blood, lymph, adipose, brain membrane.

Secrete collagen and elastin

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18
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lining

Skin, organs, cavities

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

In cytoskeleton

Mitotic spindle - metaphase, pull chromosomes apart
Cilia - basal bodies
Flagella - basal bodies 9+2 structure

Kinesin, dynein
Axonal Transport - From soma through axon to synaptic terminal

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20
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Structure support like a mattress

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21
Q

Microfilaments

A

Shapeshifter

Movement of the cell like during division or like amoeba, muscle contraction

Made of actin

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22
Q

Histones

A

Linear wound DNA

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23
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed suicide

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24
Q

Basement membrane

A

Holds epis together

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25
Parenchyma
Epis that have a function in an organ Hepatocytes in kidneys
26
Stroma
Support structure
27
Archaea
Extremists. Have diff cell membrane/wall Thermophiles - temp Halophiles - like salty Methanogens - make methane gas
28
Flagelin
Protein in bacterias (Pro) flagella (different from Euk)
29
Chemotaxis
Sensing chemicals and moving to or away from them
30
Prokaryotes
``` No organelles Circular double DNA in nucleoid area Plasmids with extra DNA Inclusions to store stuff Capsule ```
31
Binary Fission
Bacteria division and reproduction ``` Origin of replication DNA replicates Two copies go to opposite ends Septum down the middle Two bacteria ``` Diff: no mitotic spindle, DNA replication happens at the same time as DNA separation
32
Genetic Recombination
Transformation: plasmid ejected from bacteria and another picks it up Conjugation: protein tube (sex pilus) connects two bacteria and moves fertility (sex) factor (plasmid) copy from one to another. From male to female Transduction: virus injects it’s DNA into plasmid or chromosome. When virus feels like leaving it will grab its own and bacteria’s DNA and go on infecting another thus giving it the old bac DNA Antibiotic resistance
33
Fimbriae
Bacteria cilia
34
Plasmids
Float around in prokaryotes with some DNA Outside of circular chromosome Carry genes for antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity Allow for “recombination” learning from one bac to the next
35
Bacteriophage
Virus that infect specifically bacteria. The tail fibers attach to membrane and the sheath shoots a needle through to infect the bacteria. Lytic cycle
36
Transposons
Genetic elements that insert or remove themselves from genome
37
Capsid
Protein coat made out of capsomeres that encloses viral dna/rna
38
Icosachedral shape
20 triagle shaped capsid of virus
39
4 types of virus nucleic acid
dsDNA RNA ssDNA! dsRNA!
40
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Virus binds to cell and it buds in a vesicle
41
Direct fusion
Virus fusing it’s envelope to membrane and letting itself in
42
Provirus (prophage)
Dormant virus. Just sits there in bacteria’s genome. It adds a repressor gene to keep itself unnoticed. As bacteria replicates, it also replicates the virus. If something happens to bacteria and the repressor gene is weakened, the bacteria will cut it out and the virus will become active Lysogenic cycle
43
Retrovirus
Enveloped ssRNA HIV virus. After uncoating it releases reverse transcriptase which copies RNA into DNA (this is backwards than normal) making complementary cDNA cDNA+cDNA = dsDNA Integrase integrates new DNA into hosts DNA to be actively transcribed making viral mRNA mRNA is made into RNA and proteins (by ribosomes) into reverse transcriptase, intergrase and protease (all needed parts for new viruses) then all parts bud off cell membrane using the membrane as its new envelope Both lytic and lysogenic cycles
44
Viroids
Subviral particle. Smaller. Circular ssRNA. Hepatitis D Mainly infect plants
45
Virions
Whole virus (capsid + RNA/DNA + envelope if it has one)
46
Prions
Protein infectious particle Made of ONLY protein (no RNA or DNA) Change normal alpha shape into beta sheet causing “holes” in tissue when beta sheets are removed by body Not a virus or viroid
47
LEO the lion says GER
Loss of Electrons is Oxidation | Gain of Electrons is Reduction
48
PMAT
Prophase - before Metaphase - change into another Anaphase - post Telophase - new body
49
Cell wall
Prokaryotes only Made of peptidoglycan
50
Glycolysis
Sugar into energy Aerobic and anaerobic in cytoplasm Oxidative (loss e-) 1 glu into 2 pyruvates
51
Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down protein and polypeptides
52
Amylase
Converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars
53
Lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol and other alcohols
54
Bile
Green fluid in gallbladder Secreted by liver Aids in digestion
55
Positive vs Negative-Sense RNA
Positive sense goes straight to ribosome for translation Negative sense has to go to nucleus for where RNA replicate makes a complimentary “backwards” strand which then goes to ribosomes
56
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cell is the basic unit 3. Cells come from other cells 4. Cells have genetic information
57
Cell/organelle membrane
Consists of phospholipids
58
Parenchyma
Made of epithelial cells and is the functional part of the organ
59
Gram Positive Bacteria
Turn PURPLE. Thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
60
Gram Negative Bacteria
Stain PINK. The purple washes off. Thin cell wall. Made of peptidoglycan, phospholipids and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
61
Stroma
Connective Tissue that forms support structure for epi Tissue

MCAT (2 decks)

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