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Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

plant/animal/fungal cells
DNA is in the nucleus which is membrane bound
DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones
DNA + Protein = Chromatin

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2
Q

What are plant cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

2 membranes

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4
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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5
Q

What type of cells are Eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant, Animal and Fugal

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6
Q

Where is DNA found in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

What type of DNA is in the nucleus of a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Linear

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8
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacterial cells
DNA is found in the cytoplasm
Doesn’t have organelles

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9
Q

What type of DNA does Prokaryotic cells have?

A

‘Naked’

Circular and plasmid

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10
Q

What type of cells are prokaryotic?

A

Bacterial

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11
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made of?

A

Peptidoglycan (proteins and carbohydrates)

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12
Q

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Which type of cell has smaller ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotic (70s)

whilst Eukaryotic cells have 80 s ribosomes

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14
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

Cells living together which have been engulfed by each other.

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15
Q

What is the evidence for endosymbiosis?

A
  1. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts replicate themselves/independently as they would millions of years ago. But if taken away, the cells can’t make them.
  2. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes
  3. Chloroplasts have the same outer membrane as those of ancient cells, but no the same inner membrane (showing that the cell engulfed it)
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16
Q

What does the capsule do?

A

Protects against dehydration and attacks from white blood cells
Only present in fungi

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17
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

A

Provide strength and support
Bacteria - Peptidoglycan
Fungi - Chitin
Plant - Cellulose

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18
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Selectively permeable & keeps toxic substances out of the cell (present in all types of cell)

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19
Q

What is the function of the Membrane bound nucleus?

A

Contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

Absent in Bacteria

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20
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration to release energy (ATP)

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21
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Transports proteins made on the ribosomes

Absent in bacteria

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22
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis –> modified amino acids

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23
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Manufactures and transports lipids

Absent in Bacteria

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24
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group/layers of cells working together to perform a specific function

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25
What is an organ?
A collection of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
26
What are the 4 main types of tissue?
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
27
What are the 3 types of epithelial tissues?
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
28
Epithelial Tissue
Lining tissue that cover the surface of cavities, organs and tubes cells are closely packed together it rests on a basement membrane
29
Where can you find squamous epithelium?
Alveoli/capillaries | diffusion of O2 & CO2 in and out of the the lungs and capillaries
30
What is the structure of Squamous Epithelium?
Cells are thin, smooth and flat
31
What is the function of Squamous Epithelium?
To allow rapid diffusion (thin to allow a short diffusion distance)
32
What is the structure of cuboidal epithelial cells?
Box shaped | Have more space than squamous so have more organelles
33
What is the function of cuboidal epithelial cells?
Absorption/secretion (cellular processes)
34
Where can you find cuboidal epithelium?
Kidney tubule
35
What is the structure of columnar epithelial cells?
Cells are column shaped some can have microvilli/cilia (increase surface area) some can have goblet cells which secrete mucus
36
What is the function of columnar epithelial cells?
Absorption/movement of mucus
37
Where can you find columnar epithelial cells?
Small intestines - lining of the villi | Lungs - bronchi
38
What is the structure of connective tissue?
except for blood, all connective tissue contains the protein collagen in the extracellular material
39
What is the function of connective tissue?
Connects other tissue together
40
Where can you find connective tissue?
Areolar | Blood
41
What types of muscle tissue are there?
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
42
Muscle tissue
Able to contract (shorten their length) | Inside the cells there are protein fibres made of actin & myosin which slide past each other to shorten the cell
43
What is the structure of Skeletal Muscle?
Muscle cells are joined together to form fibres | The striations are caused by overlapping protein molecules in the cells
44
What is the function of Skeletal muscle?
Used to move bones | Move whole organisms or parts of it
45
Where can you find Skeletal Muscle?
Attached to bones in Humans
46
What is the function of Smooth/Unstriated muscle?
Can change the diameter of its location
47
What is the structure of smooth muscle?
Unstriated | Individual cells which can shorten in length
48
Where can you find smooth muscle?
Blood vessels | Wall of intestine
49
What is the structure of Cardiac Muscle?
The fibres are striated and branched | They are attached at their ends to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs
50
What attaches cardiac muscle fibres together?
Intercalated discs (thick plasma membrane)
51
What is the function of Cardiac Muscle?
Causes heart contractions to pump blood
52
Where can it be found?
The heart
53
The structure of life
``` Simple molecule Complex molecule Cell Tissue Organ System Organism ```
54
The Nucleus
Carries DNA code for the amino acid sequence | Contains the nucleolus, nuclear pore and nuclear envelope
55
The Nucleolus
Synthesises ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
56
The Nuclear pore
Allows transport of mRNA out of the nucleus
57
The Nuclear Envelope
Separates genetic material from the cytoplasm
58
The Cell Membrane
Keeps toxic substances out of the cells (selectively permeable) Controls the substances that come in and out of the cell eg nutrients/ions/waste Separates vital metabolic processes
59
Cytoplasm
Place where most of the chemical processes occur | Controlled by enzymes
60
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration to release energy (ATP) | Cristae increase the surface area where part of the respiratory process takes place
61
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Transports proteins which are synthesised by the attached ribosomes
62
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Transports and synthesises lipids (fat molecules)
63
Golgi Body
Transports and stores lipids Forming lysosomes Modifying proteins by adding a carbohydrate to make glycoproteins
64
Centrioles
Used in spindle formation (microtubules) in mitosis and meiosis
65
Ribosomes (attached/free)
Location of Protein synthesis - joining of amino acids to form proteins made of rRNA and Protein
66
Lysosome
Contains and isolates digestive enzymes Can release enzymes to destroy organelles Digests material which has been taken into the cell eg White blood cells and enzymes which kill bacteria
67
Vesicles
Transports proteins to the Golgi Body to be modified and packaged Transports the modified proteins in and around the cell Acts as a contractive vacuole (maintains osmotic pressure)
68
Large Permanent Vacuole (Plants only)
Storage of ions and organic molecules | Maintains osmotic pressure
69
Chloroplast (plants only)
Site of photosynthesis | The thylakoid contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis
70
Cell Wall (Plants only)
Provides strength and support | Freely permeable to water
71
Plasmodesmata
Seen between 2 plant cells Exchange of large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming Allows communication between adjacent cells
72
Organelles only present in animal cells
Lysosomes | Centrioles
73
Organelles only present in plant cells
Chloroplasts Cell wall Permanent Vacuole Plasmodesmata
74
What organelle produce glycoproteins?
Golgi Body
75
What organelle buds off lysosomes?
Golgi Body
76
Which organelle manufactures hormones and enzymes?
RER
77
Which organelle is most abundant at sites of active transport? Why?
Mitochondria | Produces ATP which is needed in AT
78
What organelle is abundant is cells secreting lipids?
SER
79
Which organelle is closely associated with ribosomes?
RER
80
Mitochondria
``` Site of aerobic respiration Produces ATP Has a matrix Cristae - provides a large SA for enzyme attachment Double membrane Ribosomes Self replicating Circular DNA Plasma Membrane ```
81
Chloroplast
``` Contains starch grains Has grana (stacks of membrane) Has a stoma Thylakoids Chlorophyll Self replicating ribosomes double membrane makes ATP plasma membrane Site of photosynthesis ```

Biology (10 decks)

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