Cells

Question 1

Define Cell

Answer 1

Small membrane units filled with chemical solution with the potential to grow and divide

Question 2

What does cell theory state

Answer 2

All living cells are formed by the division of existing cells

Question 3

Name and describe the three types of microscope

Answer 3

Light- Easily see the average human cell and reveal distinct anatomy
Electron- Using these we can see organelles. These are the internal structures of the cells
Fluorescent

Question 4

Average size of a human cell

Answer 4

5-20micrometers

Question 5

What is a procaryote cell

Answer 5

Does not contain a nucleus

Question 6

What is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 6

Contains a nucleus

Question 7

Structure and function of a nucleus

Answer 7

• Information store of the cell
• Two concentric membranes
• There is a nuclear envelope which keeps the parts of the nucleus separate
• Contains DNA
• Contains chromosomes–> these are 46 in humans
  ( There is no link between number of chromosomes and species intelligence)

Question 8

Structure and function of the mitochondria

Answer 8

• This is the powerhouse of the cell
• There are two separate membranes. A smooth outer membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane.
• Several micrometers in length
• Contain their own DNA
  -Reproduce by dividing in two
  -Generate chemical energy
  -They harness energy from the oxidation of food
  Synthesise ATP
  -Consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide
• Carryout cellular respiration

Question 9

What created the intracellular compartments

Answer 9

Internal membranes

Question 10

Structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

• It is contained in the cytoplasm
• Single membrane
• It is continuous with the nuclear membrane
• It is an irregular maze of space
• Here, synthesis of most of the cell membrane components occurs
• Synthesis of most of the materials destined for export from the cell also occurs here
• Linked to the golgi apparatus

Question 11

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 11

-Stacks of flattened membrane sacks
- Received as modifies chemicals from the endoplasmic reticulum
The vesicles pinch off
Directs chemicals to the exterior of the cell and other locations like lysosomes.

Question 12

The cytosol

Answer 12

• This is the cell minus the membranes and organelles
• The single largest compartment
• Contains both large and small molecules
• Consistency of a water based gel
• Many chemical reactions take place here
• The early stages of nutrient breakdown occur here
• Protein synthesis also occurs here

Question 13

Structure and function of the Cytoskeleton

Answer 13

• This is responsible for cell movement
• They exist as visible criss-cross fibres across the cytoplasm
• This forms a grid system which gives the cells mechanical strength, shape control and drives and guides movement.
• The filaments are frequently anchored from the plasma membrane to the nucleus

Question 14

What are the three types of filaments in the cytoskelton

Answer 14

Actin Filaments 
- Thinnest 
- Present in all eukaryotic cells 
- Large number sin muscle cells 
Intermediate Filaments
- These provide mechanical strength
Microtubules Filaments 
-These are hollow tubes 
- Have a central role in pulling chromosomes apart

Question 15

How do chemicals move in cells

Answer 15

This requires vesicles.

• There is a continuous exchange between the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and the outside of the cells.
• This is medicated by the small membrane bound vesicles. These have a pinch-off/ fusion process.

Question 16

Explain the concept of unity in cells

Answer 16

All cells have basic similar chemistry 
- Genes 
- DNA 
- Amino Acids 
All present cells have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 17

Explain the concept of diversity in cells

Answer 17

There are 10 million different species of cells

They are different in many ways with lots of different variations