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CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

Order the advanced structure of muscleatory system

A 
Epimysium
perimysium
fascicle
endomysium
myofiber
myofibrill
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2
Q

What is epinephine

A

epiniphrine is derived from Ne and takes part in controlling the adrenal glands )release adrenalin= gives the abillity to rejact

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3
Q

what is the characteristics of membrane carbohydrates

A
  • carbohydrates membrane plyas a k-roll in cell to cel reqognission
  • atigens
  • inportant in organs and tissuedevelopment
  • basic for the rejection of foreign cells by the immunesystem
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4
Q

what is the function of membrane protein

A
  • transporter
  • enzym activity
  • cell surface receptor
  • cell surface identity marker
  • cell adhesion
  • attachment to the cytoskeleton
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5
Q

Levels of organisations on life

A 
atom
molecole
macromolecole
cell
tissue
organ
organssystem
organism
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6
Q

What is the body fluid compartments (TBW)?

A

60% total water of body weight
2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular

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7
Q

What is the composition of body fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular/inside: Na+ 14, K+ 140, Ca++ 10-4, Cl- 5-15 mM

extracellular /outside Na+ , K+, Ca++ 1-2,Cl-1-2, Cl- 110 mM

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8
Q

What are the differences between ECF & ICF?

A

ECF = No protein in interstial fluid
less K+ potassium (4m/mol)
More Na+ sodium (14m/mol)
more Cl´Chloride ions

ICF= has more protein
more K+ potassiun ion (145m/mol)
less Na+ sodium (10m/mol)
More phostphate ion PO3-

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9
Q

Name H2O inputs and outputs

A

Input = eating, drinking, metabolically produced water

output=
insensible - lungs and evaporation from the skin
sensible loss - sweating, feces, urine

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10
Q

What regulates fluid balance?

A

ECF volume

ECF osmolarity

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11
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

osmolarity is the concentration of solute particles dissolved in the fluid

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12
Q

What does increased osmolarity mean?

A

Increased osmolarity means a higher concentration of solute and less concentration of water

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13
Q

What is the osmolarity of ICF/ECF?

A

= 290 mOsm/L 300

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14
Q

Hypertonic extracellular fluid

A

Water loss of diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, less water intake. CELL SHRINK

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15
Q

Hypotonic extracellular fluid

A

water will enter the cell and the cell will swell. CELL GETS BIGGER (non-usual)

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16
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

the plasma membrane is a thin bilayred structure that surrounds each cell, consist of lipids (phospholipids 75%, cholesterol 20% and glycolipids 5%, PROTEINS partially or completely inbeded.

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17
Q

Characyeristic of Fluid mosaic model?

A

Lipids 40-50%
Proteins 40-50%
Carbohydrates 1-10%

Fluid. Nonsymetrical

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18
Q

Whats the Types of Amino asids?

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic= anchors proteins into membrane

Polar and hydrophilic= extend into extracellular fluid & inteo cytosol

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of membrane proteins?

A 
Transporter
enzyme activity
cell-surface receptor
cell-surface identiy marker
cell adhesion
attachment to the cytoskeleton
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20
Q

What is the function of membrane carbohydrates?

A

plays a K-roll in the cell to cell recognition
ability to distinguish one cell from another
- antigens
- inportans in organ % tissue development
-basic for rejection of foreign cells by immune system

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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement from high concentration to lower

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22
Q

What is the characteristics of diffusion?

A

move from hight to low concentration
“passive transport”
no energy needed

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23
Q

What is the diffusion of cell membrane?

A

In= FOOD, CARBOHYDRATES, SUGARS, PROTEINS, AMINO ACID, LIPIDS, SALTS, O2, h2O

OUT= waste, ammonia, salts, CO2, H2O products

24
Q

What can pass due to diiffusion trough phospholipid bilayer?

A

Can pass - fats and other lipids.

Can not pass direcly

  • polar molecules
  • ions
  • large moleculs starch, proteins
25
Explanine semipermeable cell membrane?
Membrane gets semi-permanent with protein channels (specific channels that allow specific material across the cell membrane
26
What is needed for active transport to occur?
ATP, protein pumps (cost energy) = ATP
27
What is endocytosis?
its a process of actively transporting large molecules into the cell by engulfing with its membrane
28
Whar are the Types of diffusion?
Simple diffusion = From high to low Facilitated diffusion = Channels Active transport = needs energy AP
29
What is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
Its stores, releases, and retrieves calcium ions (Ca++). 
30
Whats is intestial fluid?
= the fluid which is distributed BETWEEN the cells - Transcellular fluid (SCF, ocular fluid, joint fluid) - Lymph: fluid returned from the interstitial fluid to plasma lymphatic system
31
What is the main salute in EFC?
Na++ responsible for EFC osmolarity
32
What is the main solute in ICF
Ka+ is responsible for ICF osmolarity
33
Isotonic meaning
Having the same osmolarity ICF AND ECF
34
What's the osmolarity of ICF/ECF?
290 almost 300 mOsm/L
35
Explaine diffusion
Move from hight to low concentration
36
Explaine osmosis
Movement of water
37
Do diffussion needs energi?
No. It's a passive transport
38
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
``` Transport Enzyme activity Cell surface receptor Cell surface identity marker Cell adhesion Attachment to the cytoskeleton ```
39
Characteristics of a phospholipid bilayer?
Polar hydrophilic heads (Exularcelluar Nonpolar hydrophobic tales Polar hydrophilic heads endocelluar
40
Parts of Phospholipids
Phosphate group Head POLAR hydrophilic Fatty acid tails NONPOLAR hydrophobic Its arrange as a bilayer
41
What's the function of peripheral proteins?
They are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane | Cell surface identetymarker (antigens)
42
Which are the membrane proteins?
- Perfiperal proteins - identymarker - Integral proteins: penetrate loot by layer usually across whole membrane, transmembrane proteins, transport proteins used channels and pumps
43
Function of membrane carbohydrates?
Cell to cell recognition Antigen - important in organ and tissue development - basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system
44
Decribe Diffussion
2nd law of thermodynamics--》universe tends towards disorder (entropy) Hight --》low
45
What diffuses in to the cell?
Food --》 carbohydrates, sugar, proteins, aminoacids, lipids, salt, O2 and H2O Waste --》 ammonia, salts, CO2, H2O
46
What diffuses out from a cell
Waste products--》 ammonia, salt, CO2, H2O,products
47
What molecules CAN NOT get thought the phospholipid bilayer directly?
Polar molecules Lions Large molecules (Starch and proteins)
48
What molecules can get thought the phospholipid bilayer directly?
Fats and other lipids
49
Describe facilitate diffussion
``` It's a diffusion trough protein channels No energy needed Fasilitatded =needs help Gos from hight to low Open channel ---》 fast transport ```
50
Describe active transport
Molecules moves AGENST concentration gradient. Cost energy --》 Needs energy AP Need protein pumps
51
Describe secondary active transport
A transporter protein couples the movement with an ion (typically Na+ or H) Different types: Anti port ----》 《--- Symport ----》 ---》
52
what is RMP
restring membrane potential = negative charge cells
53
WHAT is the composition of body fluid compartments?
inside cell: Na+ 14, K+ 140, Ca++ 10-4, Cl 5-15 outside cell, Na+142, K+ 4, Ca++ 1-2, Cl- 110
54
what regulates fluid balance?
1. ECF volume | 2. ECF osmolarity
55
what is the cell membrane made of?
lipids 40-50% proteins 40-50% and charbohydrates 1-10% fluid mosaci modell = membrane structrue is not rigit (fluid) and its asymetrical. the membrane is composed og diffretn molcules (mosaic) and consists of phospholipid bilayer, protein and carbohydrates

PHYSIOLOGY (7 decks)

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