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Microanatomy > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A 
1 structural support 
2 selectively permeable 
3 signal transduction- respond to stimuli 
4 intercellular interactions 
5 compartmentalisation
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2
Q

4 tissues and functions

A

1 epithelium- line/cover- glands
2 connective tissue- support/protect
3 nerve- fast communication
4 muscle- movement

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3
Q

Name 4 proteins in cell membrane

A

1 transporters
2 anchors- anchor intracellular cytoskeleton to ECM
3 receptors
4 enzymes

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4
Q

Functions of nuclear lamina (intermediate filaments)

A

1 supports nuclear envelope
2 essential in DNA transcription/gene regulation
3 anchors heterochromatin
4 spatial organisation of nuclear pore

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5
Q

Mitochondria functions

A
  • ATP through aerobic respiration
  • cell signalling
  • cellular differentiation
  • apoptosis
  • cell cycle
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6
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A
  • cell shape
  • res to deformation
  • actively contacts to allow movement
  • endocytosis
  • intracellular transport
  • cell signalling pathways
  • cell division- segregation chromosomes
  • specialised strictures
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7
Q

Name 3 parts of cytoskeleton, location, function

A 
1 microfilaments (actin) plasma membrane -shape/movement by lamellipodia/filopodia
2 microtubules- centrosome extend to periphery- intracellular transport, cell division, location of organelles 
3 intermediate filaments -around nucleus- extend to periphery- strength/prevent stretching by desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
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8
Q

3 specialised structures of cytoskeleton and what type

A

1 cilia- microtubules -9+2 and protein dynein
2 flagella- microtubules- 9+2
3 microvilli- miceofilaments

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9
Q

Describe heterophagy

A

Destruction of endocytosed material

  • primary lysosome fuses with phagosome to form phagolysosome
  • hydrolytic enzymes
  • residual body exits cell
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10
Q

Describe autophagy

A

Destruction of organelles in the cell

  • forms autophagosome
  • combines to form autophagolysosome
  • waste released in cytoplasm
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11
Q

Functions of skin

A 
1 protection (physical/langerhans)
2 control of evaporation 
3 thermoregulation- sweat/dilate blood vessels 
4 manufacture of vitD
5 sensation 
6 absorption 
7 storage/synthesis 
8 excretion of sweat
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12
Q

What can epidermis be described as and name layers

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINISING EPITHELIUM
1 stratum corneum
2 stratum lucidum- thick skin
3 stratum granulosum- lipids
4 stratum spinosum- prickle cells- desmosomes, keratinicytes
5 stratum basale- single layer -cuboidal cells- melanocytes

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13
Q

Name 4 cells in skin

A

1 keratinocytes
2 melanocytes
3 langerhans (spinosum)
4 merkel cells- nerves for light touch sensation

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14
Q

Describe dermis and it’s layers

A

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-papillary
-reticular
(Fibroblasts produce collagen, veins, hair follicles, sweats glands, sensory receptors)

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15
Q

Describe hypodermis

A

Adipose for padding/anchor skin/thermal insulation/energy

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16
Q

Difference between thick/thin skin

A

Thick only on soles of feet/hands- no hair follicles- thicker layer of corneum- stratum lucidum

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17
Q

Name 3 skin appendages

A

1 sweat glands -eccrine (palms/soles-water) apocrine- pubic- protein
2 hair follicles- sebaceous gland&arrector pilli secrete sebum (softens, lubricates, prevents brittleness, slows water loss, kills bacteria)

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18
Q

Name some encapsulated/un receptors in skin

A

Unencapsulated- merkel, toot hair plexuses, free nerve endings

Encapsulated- Meissner corpuscles- light touch

  • pacinian corpuscles- coarse touch
  • Krause end bulb- genetalia low freq vibrations
  • ruffini corpuscles- tension/twisting
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19
Q

Name some clinical skin problems

A
  • melanoma cancer
  • friction blisters
  • vitiligo - decrease skin pigmentation
  • albinism
  • alopecia
  • acne
  • psoriasis- increase in keratinisation and desquamation
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20
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Upright facing forwards
Palms forwards
Upper limbs extended bur resting at sides
Toes pointing forward

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21
Q

Name 4 anatomical planes

A

1 coronal
2 sagittal
3 oblique
4 transverse

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22
Q

Movements in coronal plane

A
  • abduction
  • inversion of feet
  • flexion of thumb
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23
Q

Name movements in sagittal plane

A
  • flexion
  • adduction of thumb
  • dorsi/plantar flexion
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24
Q

Name movement in transverse plane

A

Lateral rotation

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25
Name 2 main body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
26
What’s in dorsal cavity
Cranial | Vertebral cavity
27
What’s in ventral cavity
Thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial) Abdominal Pelvic
28
Name facial cavities
Oral Orbital Nasal Middle ear
29
Name 9 abdominopelvic quadrants
Right, left hypochondriac region, epigastric region Right, left lumbar region, umbilical region Right, left iliac/inguinal region, hypogastric region
30
Role of skeleton
1 locomotion 2 protection 3 produces RBC/ WBC 4 Stores Ca/P
31
How many bones and in which regions
206 Axial-80 Appendicular- 126
32
Name 7 main bones in axial skeleton
Skull, mandible, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx
33
Name 8 main bones in appendicular
Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, coxa
34
Name 3 main joints and describe
1 fibrous- connective tissue 2 cartilage- hyaline/fibrous 3 synovial- cavity
35
Describe movement and location of 3 main joint types
- Fibrous - sutures- no movement in skull, slight movement in tibiofibular ligament - cartilaginous- slight movement in hyaline epiphysis, fibrous hip bones and pubic symphysis, fibrous intervertebral discs - synovial- Free movement - eg elbow - articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, capsule, ligaments
36
Describe 3 movements of synovial joint
``` 1 flexion/extension in Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints 2 rotation of Atlanto-axial joint 3 supination of radioulnar 4 abduction of wrist/shoulder 5 shoulder circumfuction ```
37
Condyle
Large round protuberance, attachment of muscles
38
Facet
Smooth flat articular surface
39
Tubercle
Rounded elevation
40
Name 3 types of cartilage and locations and functions
1) hyaline- nasal cavity/costal/articular surfaces/trachea/bronchus- shock absorb&qithstand compression but allow bending 2) elastic- epiglottis, pinna of external ear-strech&recoil 3) fibrocartilage- articular menisci/intervebtatl discs/pubic symphysis/tendon insertions- tensile strength/resist compression/shock absorb-water from GAGs
41
Appearances/structure of 3 cartilages and fibres
1) hyaline=mottled- perichondrium, collagen II 2) elastic- spider like, collagen II, perichondrium 3) fibrocartilage- no perichondrium, straight rows of Chondrocytes, collagen I
42
Functions of bone
- protects internal organs - supports body - facilitates mocement - stores and releases fat - stores and releases minerals - produces RBC
43
Describe ECM of bone
1) 95% collagen I 2) 5% proteoglycans/glycoproteins - hardened by mineralisation of CaP —> hydroxyapatite crystals which surround fibres
44
Location and function of the 3 bone cells
1) osteoblasts- nearr surface, produce matrix 2) osteocytes- spread out in lacunae and connected by canniculi- transport of oxygen and nutrients through matrix and maintain matrix 3) osteoclasts- Howship’s lacynae- resorb bone
45
Structure of 2 bone types
1) compact- haversion system- collagen arranged in concentric lamellae around central canal of blood vessels/nerves- osteocytes connected by canniculi 2) spongy- trabeculaes/spicules beside red marrow spaces- lamellae arranged cocentrically no canal
46
Structure and function of periosteum and endosteum
Periosteum- osteoprogenitor cells, sharpey’s fibres (collagen), dense irregular CT Endosteum Osteoprogenitor cells, dense irregular CT provide nutrients and new bone cells
47
Differences between bone and cartilage
- avascular (C) - larger cells (C) - clusters of cells vs cells connected by canniculi - perichondrium vs periosteum&endosteum
48
Functions of CT
``` Connects organs and cells communication/transportation Cellular defence mechanisms Repair Supports tendons ```
49
Name cells in CT
``` Fixed -fibroblasts -mesenchymal -reticular cell -adipocyte Wandering -macrophage -plasma -WBC -mast cell ```
50
Describe structure &function of 3 fibres in CT
1) COLLAGEN- procollagen (3strands) - cleaved by proteolytic enzymes- tropocollagen- 67nm stagger- fibrils- cross linked -fibre - tensile strength 2) ELASTIC- elastic core cross linked to fibrillin- stretch and recoil 3) RETICULAR - collagen III, individual fibres- network -intimidate support
51
Describe ground substance structure and function
- highly hydrated gel formed by glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans & glycoproteins - molecular seive- allow diffusion - provide structural integrity/allow cell migration
52
Name 4 substances in proteoglycan
Hyaluronic acid Keratan sulphate Chondroitin sulphate Heparin sulphate (Help Kerry catch Ham)
53
Name where special CT found
1) around kidneys 2) breast 3) hypodermis 4) abdomen
54
Describe structure, location, function of 3 types of ordinary CT
1) loose areolar-lamina propria of mucosa, surrounds capillaries-lots of ground substance, widely dispersed collagen/fibroblasts-hold structures/organs in place 2) dense irregular-submucosa,perichondrium/osteum,dermis,fibrous capsule of organs- lots of GS-withstand tension in different directions 3) dense regular-tendons,ligaments,aponeuroses-collagen in parallel- max tensile strength
55
Name 3 CT disorders
1) scurvy- decrease in vitC so cant synthesise collagen 2) ehler danlos syndrome- skin extensibility/tissue fragility 3) marfans- lack of fibriklin for elastin so tall, sunken chest, heart valve defects, scoliosis
56
Define epithelium and location
Tissue that covers and lines - oral/alimentary/respiratory/genitourinary - glands/ducts
57
Characteristics of epithelium
1) contiguous 2) polarised 3) almost no intercellular substances 4) basement membrane 5) avascular
58
Functions of ept
- boundary | - cell renewal/repair
59
Classification of covering epithelium
1) simple/stratified 2) squamous/cuboidal/columnar 3) cilia/microvilli/keratin
60
Name 4 egs of epit
1) pseudostratified columnar ciliated 2) stratified squamous non-keratinising 3) stratified sq keratinising 4) transitional
61
How to classify a gland
-exo/endocrine - duct simple/compound - acinar/tubular - serous/mucus/serous demilune -merocrine/apo/holocrine
62
Adhesion specialisations of epit
- tight junction -maintain apical and lateral regions - intermed junction-actin microfilaments - desmosomes - gap junction - hemidesmosomes
63
Functions of ept basement membrane
1) anchors epithelium 2) polarity 3) protein distribution 4) scaffold for regenerating cells 5) cell migration 6) barrier

Microanatomy (1 decks)

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