Cells

Question 1

Cell- Cell Interaction

Answer 1

Communicate through pores called gap junctions; gaps allow for movement of particles through the cells

Question 2

Hierarchical Organization of Multicellular Organisms

Answer 2

Functions of Molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems

Question 3

Gap Junction

Answer 3

Made up of 6 proteins; form a channel (connexon) directly connects cytoplasms of 2 cells resulting in the movement of small molecules and electrical communication between the cells

Question 4

Adherens Junctions

Answer 4

Very strong cell to cell interactions, belts along the cells to connect cells in the epithelial tissue. Comprised of protein complexes that includes transmembrane cadherin protein and the intracellular catenin proteins Connects to the intracellular cytoskeleton

Question 5

Desmosomes

Answer 5

Spots of adhesion on a cell; much weaker type of binding

Defects: have a defect in water movement in skin cells: blistering disease- too much water going in

Question 6

Tight Junctions

Answer 6

Sealing; forms a barrier between cells in epithelial tissue that prevents leakage between cells and maintains cell polarity (prevents diffusion of membrane proteins from one side of the cell to the other side)

Question 7

Apical Surface

Answer 7

Exposed to environment- such as lumen of mammary gland or intestines `

Question 8

Basal Surface

Answer 8

Attached to basement membrane and can be associated with blood vessels

Question 9

Basement Membrane

Answer 9

Comprised of various protein fibers (including collagen); plays a role in tissue architecture, filtering waste, and providing routes of migration for cells during development

Question 10

Epithelial Cells

Answer 10

Cells that grow on a basement membrane; sheets of tightly packed cells that covers the outside of your body and lines the organs and cavities within the body; protect from stress, create barrier, secretion and absorption; forms mucous membrane of digestive and respiratory tracts

Question 11

Cell Layers

Answer 11

Simple epithelium: single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium: multiple layer of cells
Pseudo stratified epithelium: single layer of cells but looks stratified because of varying length of cells

Question 12

Shapes of Cells

Answer 12

Cuboidal: cube-like
Columnar: column or brick-like
Squamous: flat or similar to floor tiles

Question 13

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Answer 13

Thin and leaky, molecule exchange such as blood vessels

Question 14

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Answer 14

Many layers that regenerate at basement membrane and sloughed off at free end- skin

Question 15

Columnar Epithelia

Answer 15

Large cytoplasmic volumes, secretion and or absorption
Simple Columnar Epithelia: intestines
Pseudo- stratified columnar epithelia: nasal passages
Stratified columnar epithelia: line inner surface of urinary bladder

Question 16

Capillaries

Answer 16

Made up of simple squamous to allow molecules to go back and forth

Question 17

Skin Cells

Answer 17

Stratified squamous has little bit of leakiness

Question 18

Cuboidal Epithelia

Answer 18

Specialized from secretion; mammary gland, kidney, and hormone producing glands

Question 19

Connective Tissue

Answer 19

Binds and supports other tissues, many types of connective tissue cells
Osteoblasts: Extracellular Membrane (ECM) will be bone
Chondracytes: ECM will be cartilage
Adipecytes: ECM lipid droplets
Blood Cells: ECM plasma

Question 20

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 20

Binds epithelia to underlying tissues, packing material to hold organs in place, loose weave of fibers, cells scattered in fibrous mess

Question 21

Fibroblasts

Answer 21

Collagen Fibers most abundant protein

Elastic fibers

Question 22

Fibrous

Answer 22

Ligaments: bone to bone
Tendons: muscle to bone

Question 23

Neurons

Answer 23

Nerve cell containing a cell body, dendrite and axon
take a signal from one side of the cell to the other side of the cell
signal gets sent through the cell to the axon and when it gets to the synapse bind to receptors on receptor cells to continue the signal

Question 24

Dendrites

Answer 24

Processes extending from the cell body that receive stimuli from the environment or other neurons

Question 25

Axon

Answer 25

Long single process extending from the cell body for the transmission of nerve impulse to other cells via an action potential

Question 26

Synapse

Answer 26

Neurotransmitters released at site of contact with an effector cell; releases neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic neuron

Question 27

Glial Cells

Answer 27

Provide nutrients and isolation

Question 28

Ion Pumps

Answer 28

Sodium channels clos and potassium channels open up and potassium goes out Resting state: potassium goes out and sodium goes in

Question 29

Muscle Tissue

Answer 29

Composed of long cells that can contract when stimulated by nerve impulses produce mechanical force by their contraction Composed of actin and myosin arranged in parallel within the cytoplasm

Question 30

Muscle Types

Answer 30

Skeletal: voluntary movement of body (striated muscle which is due to overlapping filaments) Cardiac: forms contractile wall of the heart, striated, branched cells, ends of cells are joined by intercalated discs that relay signal during a heartbeat Smooth: lacks striations, spindle- shaped, involuntary body activities locations include walls of digestive tract, bladder, arteries and other organs

Question 31

Organization of Different Tissue Types

Answer 31

Lumen of Stomach Mucosa (columnar epithelial cells that line the lumen) Secrete mucus and digestive juices Submucosa (connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves) Muscularis (smooth muscle) Serosa (connective and epithelial tissue) Exterior of Stomach Wall