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year 8 science > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

microscope

A

an instrument for viewing small objects

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2
Q

cells

A

the smallest unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things.

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3
Q

light microscopes

A

instrument for viewing very small objects. A light microscope can magnify things up to 1500 times.

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4
Q

light microscopes

A

instrument for viewing very small objects. A light microscope can magnify things up to 1500 times.

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5
Q

electron microscopes

A

instrument for viewing very small objects. An electron microscope is much more powerful than a light microscope and can magnify things up to a million times.

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6
Q

monocular

A

describes a microscope through which the specimen is seen using one eye only

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7
Q

binocular

A

a microscope with two eyepieces, so you use both eyes to look at the object

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8
Q

stereo

A

describes a microscope through which the specimen is viewed using both eyes

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9
Q

magnification

A

the number of times the image of an object has been enlarged using a lens or lens system. For example, a magnification of two means the object has been enlarged to twice its actual size.

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10
Q

unicellular

A

describes an organism having only one cell

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11
Q

multicellular

A

having many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

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12
Q

micrometre

A

a length of one millionth of a metre

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13
Q

nanometre

A

a unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a metre

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14
Q

nanotechnology

A

a rapidly developing field that includes studying and investigating cells and other objects of the smallest dimensions

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15
Q

Prokaryotes

A

organism classified as belonging to the Prokaryotae kingdom

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16
Q

eukaryote

A

member of the group of organisms that has a membrane around the nucleus in each of their cells

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17
Q

binary fission

A

reproduction by the division of an organism (usually a single cell) into two new organisms

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18
Q

Animalia

A

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, but no cell wall, large vacuole or chloroplasts

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19
Q

plantae

A

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, cell wall, large vacuole and chloroplasts, commonly called plants

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20
Q

fungi

A

the kingdom of organisms, such as mushrooms and moulds, that help to decompose dead or decaying matter

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21
Q

Protoctista

A

the kingdom of organisms, including algae and protozoans, that do not fit into other groups

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22
Q

Prokaryotae

A

the kingdom of organisms that consist of single cells with a nucleus not surrounded by a membrane or a cell wall, commonly called bacteria

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23
Q

mitochondria

A

small rod-shaped organelles that supply energy to other parts of the cell. They are usually too small to be seen with light microscopes. Singular = mitochondrion.

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24
Q

chloroplasts

A

oval-shaped organelle found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll. They are the ‘factories’ in which carbon dioxide and water are changed by sunlight and water into food by the process of photosynthesis.

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25
Q

cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

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26
Q

cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

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27
Q

photosynthesis

A

the food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.

28
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green-coloured chemical in plants that absorbs the light energy used in photosynthesis to make food from carbon dioxide and water

29
Q

nucleus

A

central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. Also roundish structure inside a cell that acts as the control centre for the cell. Plural = nuclei.

30
Q

chromosomes

A

tiny, thread-like structure inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information.

31
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism

32
Q

mitosis

A

cell division process that results in new cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

33
Q

clones

A

identical copy

34
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process where the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells

35
Q

infectious diseases

A

disease that can be transferred from one organism to another

36
Q

infectious diseases

A

disease that can be transferred from one organism to another

37
Q

non-infectious diseases

A

disease that cannot be transferred from one organism to another

38
Q

antibiotics

A

substance derived from a micro-organism and used to kill bacteria in the body

39
Q

disinfectants

A

chemical used to kill bacteria on surfaces and non-living objects

40
Q

antiseptics

A

mild disinfectant used on body tissue to kill microbes

41
Q

bactericidal

A

describes an antiseptic that kills bacteria

42
Q

bacteriostatic

A

describes an antiseptic that stops bacteria from growing or dividing but doesn’t kill them

43
Q

phloem

A

type of tissue that transports sugars made in the leaves to other parts of a plant

44
Q

translocation

A

transport of materials, such as water and glucose, in plants

45
Q

xylem vessels

A

pipelines for the flow of water up plants. They are made up of the remains of dead xylem cells fitted end to end with the joining walls broken down. Lignin in the cell walls gives them strength.

46
Q

lignin

A

a hard substance in the walls of dead xylem cells that make up the tubes carrying water up plant stems. Lignin forms up to 30 per cent of the wood of trees.

47
Q

stomata

A

small openings mainly on the lower surface of leaves. These pores are opened and closed by guard cells. Singular = stoma.

48
Q

transpiration stream

A

movement of water through a plant as a result of loss of water from the leaves

49
Q

vascular bundles

A

groups of xylem and phloem vessels within plant stems

50
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from plant leaves through their stomata

51
Q

guard cells

A

cells on either side of a stoma that work together to control the opening and closing of the stoma

52
Q

guard cells

A

cells on either side of a stoma that work together to control the opening and closing of the stoma

53
Q

wilt

A

droop. Plant stems and leaves wilt when there is insufficient water in their cells.

54
Q

vacuoles

A

sacs within a cell used to store food and wastes. Plant cells usually have one large vacuole. Animal cells have several small vacuoles or none at all.

55
Q

flaccid

A

describes cells that are not firm due to loss of water

56
Q

turgid

A

describes something that is firm

57
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of the skin

58
Q

dermis

A

the medical name for the deeper part of the skin

59
Q

receptors

A

special cells that detect energy and convert it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain

60
Q

sweat glands

A

tiny, coiled tube in the skin through which water and salt are removed from the body, helping to control body temperature

61
Q

pores

A

small opening in the skin. Perspiration reaches the surface of the skin through pores.

62
Q

evaporates

A

change state from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation occurs only from the surface of a liquid.

63
Q

cancer

A

a disease resulting in the uncontrolled growth of body cells, forming tumours

64
Q

tumour

A

an abnormal growth

65
Q

benign

A

describes a tumour that does not spread to other parts of the body

66
Q

malignant

A

describes a type of tumour that damages cells and can spread to other parts of the body

year 8 science (2 decks)

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