Cells

Question 1

It is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival. The Plasma membrane also takes part in maintaining this process.

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

It is a watery mixture of ions, enzymes, RNA and other dissolved substances.

Answer 2

Cytosol

Question 3

It forms a barrier between the cell and its exterior. It regulates the passage of substances and it receives and responds to external stimuli

Answer 3

Cell/Plasma Membrane

Question 4

The area of the cell between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It is also considered as the cell’s factory floor.

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

It is often referred to as the governor of the cell because it controls all cell activity by regulating what proteins are made.

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

It is the informational molecule that is needed by the cells to make proteins.

Answer 6

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 7

It is a single-stranded RNA molecule that copies the information of the protein and leaves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Answer 7

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 8

It is a dense spot that assembles the components of ribosome that is found inside the nucleus.

Answer 8

Nucleolus

Question 9

The mRNA molecules exit the nucleus through these holes in the nuclear envelope.

Answer 9

Nuclear Pores

Question 10

This separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Answer 10

Nuclear Envelope

Question 11

Ribosomes consist of 2 separate subunits. What are these?

Answer 11

Lower subunit (Large ribosomes)
Upper subunit (small ribosomes)

Question 12

This is also called as the factory of proteins. The mRNA coming form the nucleus binds to this oganelle

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

Proteins that are destined for organelles, cell membrane or for secretions, are produced by?

Answer 13

Ribosomes attached to the membrane of the ER

Question 14

This is a network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes and this organelle originates at the nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell.

Answer 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 15

This type of ribosome produce proteins that remain in the cell’s cytosol.

Answer 15

Free floating ribosomes

Question 16

What is rough ER’s function?

Answer 16

It synthesize proteins

Question 17

This is where lipids and proteins travel out from the ER in bubbles of membrane.

Answer 17

Transport Vesicles

Question 18

This is a section of the network that synthesizes lipids, houses enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons.

Answer 18

Smooth ER

Question 19

This is a stack of flat membrane-enclosed sacs that finishes, sorts, labels and ships protein.

Answer 19

Golgi Apparatus

Question 20

This membrane surface is studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER.

Answer 20

Rough ER

Question 21

These are formed by the enzymes in the Golgi apparatus manufacture and attach carbohydrates to protein or lipids.

Answer 21

Name tags that are recognized by the immune system

Question 22

Proteins leaving Golgi apparatus are sorted an packaged into what? and where are these proteins released?

Answer 22

It turns into new transport vesicle and released into cytoplasm.

Question 23

What is the purpose of Lysosomes in your body?

Answer 23

1. Lysosomes dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles and debris.
2. They fuse with transport vesicle carrying debris from outside or within the cell
3. The enzymes of the lysosome (hydrolytic enzyme) breaks down the large organic molecules into smaller subunits releasing them into the cytosol for the cell to use.

Question 24

What happens to an injured cell due to extreme cold, heat or another physical stress?

Answer 24

The cell may initiate its own death by bursting all of its lysosomes at once.

Question 25

These are organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus that contain powerful protein digesting enzymes.

Answer 25

Lysosome

Question 26

These are sacs that form by the fusion of multiple vesicles.

Answer 26

Vacuole

Question 27

What are the 3 types of vacuoles?

Answer 27

Central vacuole, Contractile vacuole and Food vacuole

Question 28

Central vacuole have concentrated water or fluids to keep plant cells plump, so stems, leaves, and other plant parts stay firm. True or False?

Answer 28

True

Question 29

This is where amino acids, sugar, ions, wastes, and toxins accumulate. (Mature plant cells have this)

Answer 29

Large Central Vacuole

Question 30

This organelle originates at the endoplasmic reticulum and it contains enzymes that digest and then oxidize certain toxic molecule.

Answer 30

Peroxisomes

Question 31

What is mitochondria's function?

Answer 31

They make a steady supply of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy carrying molecule.

Question 32

This organelle is often referred to as the powerhouse or the energy factories of the cell.

Answer 32

Mitochodria

Question 33

This is the process of making ATP using chemical energy from fuels such as sugars.

Answer 33

Cellular Respiration

Question 34

These are the fold of the inner membrane.

Answer 34

Cristae folds

Question 35

What are the 2 membrane layers of the mitochondria?

Answer 35

Outer membrane | Inner membrane - folded inner membrane that encloses the mitochondrial matrix

Question 36

What happens within the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 36

The DNA and Ribosomes are found inside this matrix. This DNA encodes proteins essential for mitochondrial function.

Question 37

These are found only in plants and photosynthetic algae.

Answer 37

Chloroplast

Question 38

What is the purpose of chloroplast?

Answer 38

They carry out the process of photosynthesis.

Question 39

What is the function of cristae folds?

Answer 39

This houses enzymes that catalyze reactions of cellular respiration

Question 40

This is the 3rd membrane system of the chloroplast that folded into flattened sacs.

Answer 40

Thykaloid

Question 41

Thylakoids that are stacked like pancakes to form structures

Answer 41

Grana

Question 42

In this process, the light energy is collected and used to build sugars from carbon dioxide.

Answer 42

Photosynthesis

Question 43

This is the 2 outer membrane layers enclose an enzyme-rich fluid that contains thylakoid.

Answer 43

Stroma

Question 44

This is where the chlorophyll is embedded.

Answer 44

Thylakoid Membranes

Question 45

This theory states that some ancient organism engulfed bacterial cells and rather than digesting them as food the host cells kept them on as partners (mitochondria and chloroplast)

Answer 45

Endosymbiosis Theory

Question 46

What are the similarities between chloroplast and mitochondria?

Answer 46

They both have their own DNA and ribosomes, and both are surrounded by double membranes

Question 47

What are the kinds of cytoskeleton?

Answer 47

Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules

Question 48

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 48

1. Transportation System 2. It provides the physical support to maintain the cell's 3D shape 3. It aids in cell division and helps connect cells to one another 4. It enables cells to move

Question 49

This type of cytoskeleton is composed of actin protein. They provide strength for cell to survive stretching and compression, and help cells anchor to one another. (The narrowest cytoskeleton)

Answer 49

Microfilaments

Question 50

This is an intricate network of proteins "tracks" and tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Answer 50

Cytoskeleton

Question 51

This type of cytoskeleton have varied protein composition. They maintain cell's shape by forming an internal scaffold in the cytosol and resisting mechanical stress. It also help bind some cells together.

Answer 51

Intermediate Filament

Question 52

This type of cytoskeleton is composed of tubulin proteins. They form a type of "trackway" along which substances move within the cell. It also split a cell's duplicated chromosomes apart during cell division

Answer 52

Microtubules

Question 53

Centrosome contains 2 of these.

Answer 53

Centrioles

Question 54

In animal cells, this structure organize the microtubules.

Answer 54

Centrosome

Question 55

What is the function of cell wall?

Answer 55

Cell walls impart shape, regulate, cell volume, prevent bursting when a cell takes in too much water, and interact with other molecules to help determine how a cell in a complex organism specialize.

Question 56

This organelle surround the cell membranes of nearly bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and plants.

Answer 56

Cell wall

Question 57

``` What are the materials that may make up a cell wall with the following below? Bacteria: Fungi: Plants: Hemicellulose: ```

Answer 57

Bacteria: Peptidoglycan Fungi: Chitin Plants: Cellulose Hemicellulose: Pectin

Question 58

These are the channels that connect adjacent cells. They move the material from one cell to another via a thin strand of cytoplasm that passes through each channel.

Answer 58

Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma)

Question 59

What is the plant's cell wall consist of?

Answer 59

Cellulose, Glycoproteins, Enzymes and other proteins

Question 60

These are small, membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell and connects the organelles of the endomembrane system

Answer 60

Vesicles

Question 61

Endomembrane is consist of?

Answer 61

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane

Question 62

This system is a group of interrelated membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to enable cells to produce, modify, package and transport lipids and proteins.

Answer 62

Endomembrane System

Question 63

What are the functions of the movement of newly synthesized proteins coming form rough ER to various destinations?

Answer 63

1. Replaces proteins in the plasma membrane 2. Creates lysosomes 3. Secretes outside cell

Question 64

What are the 2 domains that are prokaryotic?

Answer 64

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

Question 65

What kind of domain is eukaryotic?

Answer 65

Domain Eukaryota

Question 66

Give examples of species that are Prokaryotes.

Answer 66

Bacteria (E.coli, Streptococcus Bacterium), Archaea,

Question 67

Give examples of eukaryotes?

Answer 67

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protozoa

Question 68

Differentiate plant cells and animal cells

Answer 68

Plant cells have single and large vacuole while Animal cells have many and small ones. Plant cells have chloroplast while animal cells don't. Plant cells have cell wall and animal cells don't.

Question 69

What is the main advantage of small cell size?

Answer 69

Small cells can better take up sufficient nutrients and oxygen to service their cell volume

Question 70

Enumerate the step by step process of endomembrane system. | 6 steps

Answer 70

1. Nucleus transcribe DNA to RNA then further processed by mRNA 2. mRNA is transported out the nucleus to ribosomes docked to the surface of the ER 3. Ribosome translates the information (mRNA to Protein) 4. From the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus 5. The Golgi apparatus process and sorts the protein and packaged into secretory vesicles 6. Vesicles are now transported to the plasma membrane waiting for secretion (it is when the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane)

Question 71

This is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. This occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex tissue.

Answer 71

Cellular Differentiation

Question 72

What is happening during cellular differentiation?

Answer 72

It occurs when the development of a multicellular organisms happens. The simple zygote changes to a complex system of tissues and cell type?

Question 73

This is a 2 bean shaped cells found at the bottom of the leaf that controls the opening and closing of stomata. It also plays an important role in gas exchange.

Answer 73

Guard Cells

Question 74

This is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit.

Answer 74

Stem Cell

Question 75

Enumerate the different plant specialized cells. | Hint: (GET ur PMX)

Answer 75

``` Guard cells Epidermal cells Trichomes ur Phloem cells Mesophyll cells Xylem cells ```

Question 76

This specialized cell captures sunlight and allows gas exchange for photosynthesis.

Answer 76

Mesophyll Cells

Question 77

What are the 2 types of mesophyll cells?

Answer 77

Palisade mesophyll cells (contains a lot of chloroplast) | Spongy mesophyll cells ( loosely-packed-irregular shape that has few chloroplast)

Question 78

This is a protective layer that can be found on top of the leaf or the bottom of the leaf. It forms a boundary from the outside to help contain the water of the plants. This usually don't contain chloroplast.

Answer 78

Plant Epidermal Cells

Question 79

It is a plant hair-shaped cells that is use to secrete toxic substances against insects and help protects plants that live in hot areas that get a lot of direct sunlight.

Answer 79

Trichomes

Question 80

What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

Answer 80

Xylem transports water while phloem transports products of photosynthesis.

Question 81

Enumerate the different animal specialized cell. | Hint: (MeN=WaR)

Answer 81

``` Muscle cells e Nerve cells White blood cells a Red blood cells (sorry sakong hints corny sya) ```

Question 82

This have irregular shapes that destroys pathogens and fights infections. (animal specialized cell)

Answer 82

White Blood Cells

Question 83

What are the different kinds of White Blood Cells?

Answer 83

Granulocytes (has granules in the cytoplasm) | Agranulocytes (lacks visible granules in the cytoplasm)

Question 84

This cells have more mitochondria than other body cell types. It needs more ATP energy because it is responsible for the production of force and motion.

Answer 84

Muscle cells

Question 85

What are the 3 essential parts of the nerve cells?

Answer 85

Cell body Axon Dendrites

Question 86

This cell type transmits impulse or signal conduction.

Answer 86

Nerve cells

Question 87

This can't be measure by any tools.

Answer 87

My love for you HAHAHAHAH

Question 88

Give an example of the most beautiful human being on earth?

Answer 88

YOU HAHAHAHHAH

Question 89

Humana na ba kos akong trip?

Answer 89

Yes last nato HAHAHAH