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Esthetics > Cells, anatomy, physiology > Flashcards

Cells, anatomy, physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

-Basic unit of all living things
-The body begins as one cell and develops into trillions
-A cell is a minute portion of a living substance containing protoplasm

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2
Q

Protoplasm and what it contains

A

Living matter surrounded by a membrane containing a nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles or parts of the cell having special functions

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Encloses the protoplasm and holds the cell together

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Dense population found in the center(important for cell reproduction)

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Holds organelles and contains food

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6
Q

Centrosome

A

Helps maintain characteristics of original cell

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

When cells reach maturity it reproduces. Process where series of changes occur in nucleus before entire cell divides in half

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8
Q

How often does body replace cells

A

Everyday 3 1/2 billions
Entire organs being replaced every 6-9 months
Bones every 7 years

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Complex chemical process in which cells are nourished and supplied with energy needed to carry on

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds up cellular tissues. Cells absorb water, food, oxygen for growth, reproduction and repair

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks down cellular tissue. Cells consume what they have absorbed to perform specialed functions such as muscular effort, secretion, digestion

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12
Q

Tissues

A

Specialized groups of cells of like kind
Each type has specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance
Connective tissue, muscular tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, liquid tissue

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds together other tissues of the body. Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fat, tissue etc

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14
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contracts and allows movement in various parts of body

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15
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Transmits messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protective covering on body surfaces includes skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands

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17
Q

Liquid tissue

A

Carries food, waste products, hormones includes blood and lymph

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18
Q

Organs

A

Structures consisting of two or more different tissues, which are combined to accomplish specific function
Brain(controls nervous system)
Heart(Circulates the blood)
Lungs(Supply oxygen to blood)
Liver(Removes toxic products of digestion)
Kidney(Excrete excess water and waste production)
Stomach and intestine(Process food)
Skin(Covers and protects body) both tissue and organ

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19
Q

System

A

Groups of organs that cooperate for a common purpose
Integumentary system(skin)
Skeletal system(Bone)
Muscular system(Muscles)
Nervous system(Nerves)
Circulatory system(Blood, lymph supply)
Endocrine system(ductless glands)
Excretory system(organs of elimination)
Respiratory system(lungs)
Digestive system(stomach and intestines)
Reproductive system(reproducing)

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20
Q

Integumentary system

A

Made up of skin. Also accessories such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails
2 layers epidermis and dermis
functions as protective covering
contains sensory receptors
plays major role in body’s heat regulation

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

Physical foundation/framework of body
Serves protection, support and locomotion(movement)
Consists of bones, cartilage and ligaments
Besides teeth, bone is hardest
Composed of fibrous tissue bound together 1/3 organic matter 2/3 mineral matter
206 bones
Scientific study of bones is osteology

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22
Q

Muscular system

A

Covers, shapes, supports skeleton
Produces movements of body

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23
Q

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular

A

Closely interrelated
Each unit is designed to perform a specific function

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24
Q

Bone functions

A

Gives strength shape to body
Protects organs from injury
Serve as attachment for muscles
Act as levers for all body movements

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25
Q

Bones of skull

A

Oval bony case, Shapes head protects brain. Divided into two parts. 8 bones of cranium 14 facial bones. Involved with scalp and facial manipulations
Occipital, two parietal, frontal, two temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, two nasal, two lacrimal, two zygomatic, two maxillae, mandible, two turbinal, vomer, two palatine

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26
Q

Occipital

A

Forms lower back of cranium

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27
Q

Two parietal

A

Bones form sides and top(crown) of cranium

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28
Q

Frontal?

A

Forms forehead

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29
Q

Two temporal

A

Forms side of head in ear region below parietal

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30
Q

Ethmoid

A

Light spongy bone between eyesockets and forms part of nasal cavities

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31
Q

Shpeniod

A

Joins all the bones of cranium together

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32
Q

Two nasal

A

Forms nose bridge

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33
Q

Two lacrimal

A

Small fragile bones located inner wall of the eyesocket

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34
Q

Two zygomatic/malar

A

Forms prominence of cheeks

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35
Q

Two maxillae

A

Upper jawbones forms whole upper jaw

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36
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jawbone, largest strongest face bone

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37
Q

Two turbinal

A

Thin layers of spongy bone situated together on either outer wall of nasal depression

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38
Q

Vomer

A

Single bone forms part of dividing wall of nose

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39
Q

Two palatine

A

Form floor and outer wall of nose, roof of mouth, floor of orbits

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40
Q

Bone of neck

A

Hyoid-U shaped bone, located in front part of throat commonly called adams apple
Cervical vertebrae-forms top part of the spinal column located in region of neck

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41
Q

Bones of chest

A

Thorax- Bony, cage made up of breast bone, spine, ribs, connective cartilages
Serves as protective covering for heart, lungs and other delicate internal organs
Held in place by 24 ribs 12 on each side

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42
Q

Bones of shoulder, arm, hand

A

Shoulder-One clavicle, one scapula form back of shoulder
Humerus-largest bone of upper arm
Ulna-Large bone on little finger side of forearm
Radius-Small bone on thumb side of forearm
Wrist/carpus-Flexible joint composed of 8 small, irregular bones held by ligament

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43
Q

2 regions of hand

A

Palm/metacarpus-consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones
Fingers/digits-Consists of 3 phalanges in each finger and 2 in thumb, 14 total

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44
Q

Muscular system

A

Cover, shapes, support skeleton
Functions to produce all movements of body
Relies on skeletal/nervous system for control

45
Q

Myology

A

Study of structure function diseases

46
Q

Muscles

A

Contractile fibrous tissues upon which various movements of body depend on action
More then 500 muscles, big and small 40-50% of weight
3 kinds of muscle tissue
Striated, striped, voluntary
Non-striated, smooth involuntary
Cardiac or heart muscles

47
Q

Striated, striped or voluntary

A

Controlled by will such as face, arms and legs

48
Q

Nonstriated, smooth or involuntary

A

Function automatically like stomach, intestines

49
Q

Cardiac or heart muscles

A

Heart muscles

50
Q

How do muscles work

A

When muscles contract and shorten, one attachment usually remains fixed and the others move.

51
Q

Origin of muscle

A

Term applied to the more fixed attachment such as muscles attached to bone. Muscles attached to bone referred to as skeletal muscles

52
Q

Insertion of muscle

A

Applied to more moveable attachment such as muscles attached to movable muscle/bone or skin

53
Q

How can muscles be stimulated

A

Chemicals-Certain acids or salts
Massage-Hand massage/machines like vibrators
Electric current-High frequency
Dry heat- Heat lamps, heating masks
Moist heat-Steamers, moderately warm steam towels

54
Q

Muscles affect by massage

A

Esthetician concerned with muscles of head, face, neck, arms and hands
Essential to know where they are located and what they control
Direction of pressure in massage usually performed from insertion to origin

55
Q

Muscles of the scalp

A

Epicranius(Occitpito-frontalis) broad muscle that covers top of skull
Divided into two parts
Occipitalis(back part)
Frontalis(front part)-raises eyebrows, draws scalp forwards, causes wrinkles
Occipitalis+frontalis connected by tendon called aponeurosis

56
Q

Muscles of the eyebrows

A

Orbicularis oculi-completely surrounds the margin of eyesocket and closes the eyelid
Corrugator-Muscle is beneath frontalis and orbicularis oculi and draws the eyebrows down and in produces vertical lines+causes frowning

57
Q

Muscles of the nose

A

Procerus-covers top part of nose, depresses eyebrows causes wrinkles across nose bridge
Other nasal muscles are small muscles around nasal opening which contract+expand opening of nostrils

58
Q

Muscles of the mouth

A

Quandratous labii superioris
Quadratus labii inferioris
Buccinator
Caninus
Mentalis
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Zygomaticus
Traingualrois

59
Q

Quandratous labii superioris

A

Consists of three parts. Surrounds upper part of lip, raises and draws back the upper lip, elevates nostrils like distaste

60
Q

Quadratus labii inferioris

A

Surrounds lower part of lip, depresses lower lip, draws it a little to one side like sarcasm

61
Q

Buccinator

A

Muscle between upper and lower jaw compresses the cheeks and expels air between lips like blowing

62
Q

Caninus

A

Lies under quadratus labii superioris raises angle of mouth like snarling

63
Q

Mentalis

A

Situated at tip of chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip causing wrinkling on chin like doubt or displeasure

64
Q

Orbilcualris oris

A

Forms flat band around upper and lower lips. Compresses, contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips. Kissing

65
Q

Risorius

A

Extends from masseter muscle to the angle of mouth. Draws the corner of mouth out and back like grinning

66
Q

Zygomaticus

A

Extends from zygomatic bone to angle of the mouth. Elevates the lip like laughing

67
Q

Triangularis

A

Extends along side of chin, draws down the corner of the mouth

68
Q

Muscles of the ear

A

Auricularis superior is above ear
Auricularis posterior behind ear
Auricularis anterior is in front of ear

69
Q

Muscle of mastication

A

The masseter and temporalis muscles that coordinate in opening and closing the mouth as referred to as chewing muscles

70
Q

Muscles of the neck

A

Platysma is a broad muscle that extends from chest and shoulder muscle to side of chin and depresses the lower jaw and lips like sadness
Sterno cledio mastoid extends from collar and chest bones to temporal bone in back of ear. Rotates the head and bends head like nodding

71
Q

Muscles that attach arm to body

A

-Trapezius
-Lattissimus dorsi back of neck upper and middle of back, rotate shoulder blades and control swinging movements of arm
-Pectoralis major and minor covers front of chest(assist in swinging movements of arm)
-Serratus anterior assists in breathing, raising arm

72
Q

Muscles of the shoulder, arm and hand

A

Shoulder and upper arm
-deltoid
-biceps
-triceps
Forearm muscles and strong tendons
-pronators
-supinators
-flexors
-extensors

73
Q

Deltoid

A

Large thick triangular shaped muscles that cover the shoulder, lifts and turns the arm

74
Q

Biceps

A

2 headed and principal muscle on front of upper arm
Lifts the forearms, flexed the elbow turns the palm downward

75
Q

Tricep

A

3 headed muscle of arm. Covers entire back of upper arm and extends forward

76
Q

Pronators

A

Most important of group
Turn hands inward so palm is downward

77
Q

Supinators

A

Turn hand outward
palm upward

78
Q

flexors

A

Bend wrist, draw hand up, close fingers toward forearm

79
Q

Extensors

A

Straighten wrist, hand fingers to form straight line

80
Q

Neurology

A

Branch of anatomy that deals with nervous system and its disorder

81
Q

Nervous system

A

Controls and coordinates functions of all other systems
Every square inch of body supplied with fine fibres known as nerves
Principal part of nervous system are brain and spinal cord, network of nerves

82
Q

3 main parts of nervous system

A

Cerebro spinal or central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system which includes sympathetic and parasympathetic system

83
Q

Cerebro-Spinal nervous system

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord
1. Controls consciousness and mental activities
2.Controls voluntary functions of all five senses
3.Controls voluntary muscle action, body movements, facial expressions

84
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor nerve fibers that extend from brain and spinal cord
-distributed to all parts of body
-function is to carry messages to and from nervous system

85
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Portion of nervous system system functions without conscious effort and regulates activity of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart
Has two divisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic system

86
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic system

A

Both act in direct oppostion to regulate heart rate blood pressure, breathing rate, body temp, to aid in maintenace of homeostasis(balance)

87
Q

Sympathetic

A

Activated during stressful, energy demanding emergency systems

88
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Most active in ordinary restful situations

89
Q

Neuron-nerve cell

A

Primary structural unit
composed of cell body long and short and stores energy and food for cell processes
convey the nerve impulses through body
practically all nerve cells contained in brain and spinal cord

90
Q

What do nerves look like? What do they do?

A

-Long white cords made up of fibres
carry messages to and from body
-Origin in brain and spinal cord and distribute to body which furnish impulses for sensation and motion

91
Q

How are nerves nourished?

A

Through blood vessels, lymph spaces and lymphatics found in connective tissue surrounding them

92
Q

Motor of efferent nerves

A

Brain to muscles, produce movement
Receptors located near surface of skin
As impulses pass through a complete circuit is established and movement of muscle results

93
Q

Sensory of afferent nerves

A

Carry impulses or messages from sense organs to brain. Where touch, cold, heat sight hearing taste smell pain experienced

94
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic response to stimulus that involves movement of. impulse from sensory receptor along afferent nerve to spinal cord and responsive impulse along efferent neuron to muscle causing reaction ex. Hand removed from hot object and it doesnt have to be learned

95
Q

The brain

A

Largest mass of nerve tissues in body

96
Q

Where is the brain contained?

A

Cranium

97
Q

Average weight of brain

A

44-48 ounces

98
Q

What is the central power station of body

A

The brain, sends and receives messages

99
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves originate in the brain and where do they reach

A

12 and in the head, face and neck

100
Q

What does spinal cord consist of

A

Masses of nerve cells with fibers running upward and downward

101
Q

Where does spinal cord originate from

A

In the brain and extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is enclosed and protected by the spinal column

102
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

thirty one pairs extending from the spinal cord are distributed to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs

103
Q

What do some of the spinal nerves serve

A

the internal organs controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

104
Q

Nerve fatigue

A

Can be caused by excessive mental or muscular work resulting in an accumulation of waste products

105
Q

Signs of nerve fatiuge

A

Weariness, irritability, poor complexion and dull eyes

106
Q

What does nerve energy need

A

Exercise, proper intake of food, and oxygen, rest and relaxation

107
Q

What can help relieve nerve fatigue

A

Appropriate massage manipulations. The esthetician should pause over nerve centers

108
Q

What causes muscles to contract or expand

A

Stimulation to the nerves
Heat causes relaxation
Cold causes contraction

109
Q
A

Esthetics (1 decks)

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