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Cells, anatomy, physiology Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

-Basic unit of all living things
-The body begins as one cell and develops into trillions
-A cell is a minute portion of a living substance containing protoplasm

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2
Q

Protoplasm and what it contains

A

Living matter surrounded by a membrane containing a nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles or parts of the cell having special functions

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Encloses the protoplasm and holds the cell together

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Dense population found in the center(important for cell reproduction)

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Holds organelles and contains food

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6
Q

Centrosome

A

Helps maintain characteristics of original cell

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

When cells reach maturity it reproduces. Process where series of changes occur in nucleus before entire cell divides in half

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8
Q

How often does body replace cells

A

Everyday 3 1/2 billions
Entire organs being replaced every 6-9 months
Bones every 7 years

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Complex chemical process in which cells are nourished and supplied with energy needed to carry on

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds up cellular tissues. Cells absorb water, food, oxygen for growth, reproduction and repair

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks down cellular tissue. Cells consume what they have absorbed to perform specialed functions such as muscular effort, secretion, digestion

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12
Q

Tissues

A

Specialized groups of cells of like kind
Each type has specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance
Connective tissue, muscular tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, liquid tissue

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds together other tissues of the body. Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fat, tissue etc

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14
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contracts and allows movement in various parts of body

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15
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Transmits messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protective covering on body surfaces includes skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands

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17
Q

Liquid tissue

A

Carries food, waste products, hormones includes blood and lymph

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18
Q

Organs

A

Structures consisting of two or more different tissues, which are combined to accomplish specific function
Brain(controls nervous system)
Heart(Circulates the blood)
Lungs(Supply oxygen to blood)
Liver(Removes toxic products of digestion)
Kidney(Excrete excess water and waste production)
Stomach and intestine(Process food)
Skin(Covers and protects body) both tissue and organ

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19
Q

System

A

Groups of organs that cooperate for a common purpose
Integumentary system(skin)
Skeletal system(Bone)
Muscular system(Muscles)
Nervous system(Nerves)
Circulatory system(Blood, lymph supply)
Endocrine system(ductless glands)
Excretory system(organs of elimination)
Respiratory system(lungs)
Digestive system(stomach and intestines)
Reproductive system(reproducing)

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20
Q

Integumentary system

A

Made up of skin. Also accessories such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails
2 layers epidermis and dermis
functions as protective covering
contains sensory receptors
plays major role in body’s heat regulation

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

Physical foundation/framework of body
Serves protection, support and locomotion(movement)
Consists of bones, cartilage and ligaments
Besides teeth, bone is hardest
Composed of fibrous tissue bound together 1/3 organic matter 2/3 mineral matter
206 bones
Scientific study of bones is osteology

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22
Q

Muscular system

A

Covers, shapes, supports skeleton
Produces movements of body

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23
Q

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular

A

Closely interrelated
Each unit is designed to perform a specific function

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24
Q

Bone functions

A

Gives strength shape to body
Protects organs from injury
Serve as attachment for muscles
Act as levers for all body movements

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25
Bones of skull
Oval bony case, Shapes head protects brain. Divided into two parts. 8 bones of cranium 14 facial bones. Involved with scalp and facial manipulations Occipital, two parietal, frontal, two temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, two nasal, two lacrimal, two zygomatic, two maxillae, mandible, two turbinal, vomer, two palatine
26
Occipital
Forms lower back of cranium
27
Two parietal
Bones form sides and top(crown) of cranium
28
Frontal?
Forms forehead
29
Two temporal
Forms side of head in ear region below parietal
30
Ethmoid
Light spongy bone between eyesockets and forms part of nasal cavities
31
Shpeniod
Joins all the bones of cranium together
32
Two nasal
Forms nose bridge
33
Two lacrimal
Small fragile bones located inner wall of the eyesocket
34
Two zygomatic/malar
Forms prominence of cheeks
35
Two maxillae
Upper jawbones forms whole upper jaw
36
Mandible
Lower jawbone, largest strongest face bone
37
Two turbinal
Thin layers of spongy bone situated together on either outer wall of nasal depression
38
Vomer
Single bone forms part of dividing wall of nose
39
Two palatine
Form floor and outer wall of nose, roof of mouth, floor of orbits
40
Bone of neck
Hyoid-U shaped bone, located in front part of throat commonly called adams apple Cervical vertebrae-forms top part of the spinal column located in region of neck
41
Bones of chest
Thorax- Bony, cage made up of breast bone, spine, ribs, connective cartilages Serves as protective covering for heart, lungs and other delicate internal organs Held in place by 24 ribs 12 on each side
42
Bones of shoulder, arm, hand
Shoulder-One clavicle, one scapula form back of shoulder Humerus-largest bone of upper arm Ulna-Large bone on little finger side of forearm Radius-Small bone on thumb side of forearm Wrist/carpus-Flexible joint composed of 8 small, irregular bones held by ligament
43
2 regions of hand
Palm/metacarpus-consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones Fingers/digits-Consists of 3 phalanges in each finger and 2 in thumb, 14 total
44
Muscular system
Cover, shapes, support skeleton Functions to produce all movements of body Relies on skeletal/nervous system for control
45
Myology
Study of structure function diseases
46
Muscles
Contractile fibrous tissues upon which various movements of body depend on action More then 500 muscles, big and small 40-50% of weight 3 kinds of muscle tissue Striated, striped, voluntary Non-striated, smooth involuntary Cardiac or heart muscles
47
Striated, striped or voluntary
Controlled by will such as face, arms and legs
48
Nonstriated, smooth or involuntary
Function automatically like stomach, intestines
49
Cardiac or heart muscles
Heart muscles
50
How do muscles work
When muscles contract and shorten, one attachment usually remains fixed and the others move.
51
Origin of muscle
Term applied to the more fixed attachment such as muscles attached to bone. Muscles attached to bone referred to as skeletal muscles
52
Insertion of muscle
Applied to more moveable attachment such as muscles attached to movable muscle/bone or skin
53
How can muscles be stimulated
Chemicals-Certain acids or salts Massage-Hand massage/machines like vibrators Electric current-High frequency Dry heat- Heat lamps, heating masks Moist heat-Steamers, moderately warm steam towels
54
Muscles affect by massage
Esthetician concerned with muscles of head, face, neck, arms and hands Essential to know where they are located and what they control Direction of pressure in massage usually performed from insertion to origin
55
Muscles of the scalp
Epicranius(Occitpito-frontalis) broad muscle that covers top of skull Divided into two parts Occipitalis(back part) Frontalis(front part)-raises eyebrows, draws scalp forwards, causes wrinkles Occipitalis+frontalis connected by tendon called aponeurosis
56
Muscles of the eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi-completely surrounds the margin of eyesocket and closes the eyelid Corrugator-Muscle is beneath frontalis and orbicularis oculi and draws the eyebrows down and in produces vertical lines+causes frowning
57
Muscles of the nose
Procerus-covers top part of nose, depresses eyebrows causes wrinkles across nose bridge Other nasal muscles are small muscles around nasal opening which contract+expand opening of nostrils
58
Muscles of the mouth
Quandratous labii superioris Quadratus labii inferioris Buccinator Caninus Mentalis Orbicularis oris Risorius Zygomaticus Traingualrois
59
Quandratous labii superioris
Consists of three parts. Surrounds upper part of lip, raises and draws back the upper lip, elevates nostrils like distaste
60
Quadratus labii inferioris
Surrounds lower part of lip, depresses lower lip, draws it a little to one side like sarcasm
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Buccinator
Muscle between upper and lower jaw compresses the cheeks and expels air between lips like blowing
62
Caninus
Lies under quadratus labii superioris raises angle of mouth like snarling
63
Mentalis
Situated at tip of chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip causing wrinkling on chin like doubt or displeasure
64
Orbilcualris oris
Forms flat band around upper and lower lips. Compresses, contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips. Kissing
65
Risorius
Extends from masseter muscle to the angle of mouth. Draws the corner of mouth out and back like grinning
66
Zygomaticus
Extends from zygomatic bone to angle of the mouth. Elevates the lip like laughing
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Triangularis
Extends along side of chin, draws down the corner of the mouth
68
Muscles of the ear
Auricularis superior is above ear Auricularis posterior behind ear Auricularis anterior is in front of ear
69
Muscle of mastication
The masseter and temporalis muscles that coordinate in opening and closing the mouth as referred to as chewing muscles
70
Muscles of the neck
Platysma is a broad muscle that extends from chest and shoulder muscle to side of chin and depresses the lower jaw and lips like sadness Sterno cledio mastoid extends from collar and chest bones to temporal bone in back of ear. Rotates the head and bends head like nodding
71
Muscles that attach arm to body
-Trapezius -Lattissimus dorsi back of neck upper and middle of back, rotate shoulder blades and control swinging movements of arm -Pectoralis major and minor covers front of chest(assist in swinging movements of arm) -Serratus anterior assists in breathing, raising arm
72
Muscles of the shoulder, arm and hand
Shoulder and upper arm -deltoid -biceps -triceps Forearm muscles and strong tendons -pronators -supinators -flexors -extensors
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Deltoid
Large thick triangular shaped muscles that cover the shoulder, lifts and turns the arm
74
Biceps
2 headed and principal muscle on front of upper arm Lifts the forearms, flexed the elbow turns the palm downward
75
Tricep
3 headed muscle of arm. Covers entire back of upper arm and extends forward
76
Pronators
Most important of group Turn hands inward so palm is downward
77
Supinators
Turn hand outward palm upward
78
flexors
Bend wrist, draw hand up, close fingers toward forearm
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Extensors
Straighten wrist, hand fingers to form straight line
80
Neurology
Branch of anatomy that deals with nervous system and its disorder
81
Nervous system
Controls and coordinates functions of all other systems Every square inch of body supplied with fine fibres known as nerves Principal part of nervous system are brain and spinal cord, network of nerves
82
3 main parts of nervous system
Cerebro spinal or central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system which includes sympathetic and parasympathetic system
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Cerebro-Spinal nervous system
Consists of brain and spinal cord 1. Controls consciousness and mental activities 2.Controls voluntary functions of all five senses 3.Controls voluntary muscle action, body movements, facial expressions
84
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory and motor nerve fibers that extend from brain and spinal cord -distributed to all parts of body -function is to carry messages to and from nervous system
85
Autonomic nervous system
Portion of nervous system system functions without conscious effort and regulates activity of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart Has two divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic system
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sympathetic and parasympathetic system
Both act in direct oppostion to regulate heart rate blood pressure, breathing rate, body temp, to aid in maintenace of homeostasis(balance)
87
Sympathetic
Activated during stressful, energy demanding emergency systems
88
Parasympathetic
Most active in ordinary restful situations
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Neuron-nerve cell
Primary structural unit composed of cell body long and short and stores energy and food for cell processes convey the nerve impulses through body practically all nerve cells contained in brain and spinal cord
90
What do nerves look like? What do they do?
-Long white cords made up of fibres carry messages to and from body -Origin in brain and spinal cord and distribute to body which furnish impulses for sensation and motion
91
How are nerves nourished?
Through blood vessels, lymph spaces and lymphatics found in connective tissue surrounding them
92
Motor of efferent nerves
Brain to muscles, produce movement Receptors located near surface of skin As impulses pass through a complete circuit is established and movement of muscle results
93
Sensory of afferent nerves
Carry impulses or messages from sense organs to brain. Where touch, cold, heat sight hearing taste smell pain experienced
94
Reflex
Automatic response to stimulus that involves movement of. impulse from sensory receptor along afferent nerve to spinal cord and responsive impulse along efferent neuron to muscle causing reaction ex. Hand removed from hot object and it doesnt have to be learned
95
The brain
Largest mass of nerve tissues in body
96
Where is the brain contained?
Cranium
97
Average weight of brain
44-48 ounces
98
What is the central power station of body
The brain, sends and receives messages
99
How many pairs of cranial nerves originate in the brain and where do they reach
12 and in the head, face and neck
100
What does spinal cord consist of
Masses of nerve cells with fibers running upward and downward
101
Where does spinal cord originate from
In the brain and extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is enclosed and protected by the spinal column
102
How many pairs of spinal nerves
thirty one pairs extending from the spinal cord are distributed to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs
103
What do some of the spinal nerves serve
the internal organs controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
104
Nerve fatigue
Can be caused by excessive mental or muscular work resulting in an accumulation of waste products
105
Signs of nerve fatiuge
Weariness, irritability, poor complexion and dull eyes
106
What does nerve energy need
Exercise, proper intake of food, and oxygen, rest and relaxation
107
What can help relieve nerve fatigue
Appropriate massage manipulations. The esthetician should pause over nerve centers
108
What causes muscles to contract or expand
Stimulation to the nerves Heat causes relaxation Cold causes contraction
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