Cells and cell transport

Question 1

Cell membrane

Answer 1

Made of lipids an proteins
Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
Contains receptor cells that respond to hormones

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Large organelle that contains Chromosomes
Controls cell activity by controlling dna
Makes ribosomes

Question 3

Mitochondrion

Answer 3

Have a double membrane;
- inner membrane folded to form cristae which contains enzymes involved in respiration
It role is to aerobically respire to produce ATP

Contains matrix - specialised cytoplasm,
And contains the other mitochondrial space

Question 4

Chloroplasts

- plants only

Answer 4

Where photosynthesis takes place

Thick fluid called stroma containing ;
-granum ( layers of thylakoids ) with dots fo chlorophyll on grana
- starch grains 
- 70s ribosomes 
 Surrounded by a double membrane

Question 5

The Golgi apparatus

Answer 5

Group of fluid filled sacs bound by membranes of which vesicles can often be seen on the surface

Packages new lipids and proteins into vesicles
Makes lysosomes

Question 6

The vesicles

Answer 6

Stores the lipids and proteins form the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell through the endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

Round organelles

Contain digestive enzymes (lysozyme) that help break down invading cells and worn out components

Question 8

RER - rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

Covered in ribosomes

Folds and processes proteins that been made by the ribosomes

Question 9

SER- smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

No ribosomes

Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 10

The cell wall

- plants only

Answer 10

Rigid structure made of cellulose
Supports the cell
Stops to from changing shape

Question 11

Vacuole

- plant only

Answer 11

Contains cell sap
Maintains pressure in the cell
Keeps cell rigid
Isolates unwanted chemicals

Question 12

Prokaryotic cells contain

Answer 12

Flagellum- locomotion
70s ribosomes - proteinsynthesis
Cell wall- protects cell
Capsule- protection from acidic environments
Plasmid - contains useful genes
Bacterial chromosomes - contains vital genes
Mesosome- helps to carry out cellular respiration by inc SA

Question 13

How do ribosomes differ

Answer 13

Eukaryotes - 80s

Prokaryotes - 70s

Question 14

Ribosomes

Answer 14

Produced by the nucleus and are made up of RNA

Mains site of proteinsynthesis

Question 15

Bacterial diseases

Answer 15

Cholera
TB
Meningitis

Question 16

How bacteria “eat”

Answer 16

Detect the food they are on
Specific genes create specific enzymes to hydrolyse the food
Absorb the broken down food and assimilate

Question 17

How bacteria exchange genetic info

Answer 17

Through cytoplasmic thread that connects 2 bacterium

Conjugate by sharing plasmids

Question 18

Virus’ are

Answer 18

X50 smaller than bacteria

Not living

Question 19

Virus’ are made of

Answer 19

Either DNA or RNA ( RNA = retrovirus )
Protein coat - capsid
Have a lipid and protein envelope containing attachment proteins for identification

Question 20

Reproduction of a virus

Answer 20

1. If the attachment proteins on the virus are complementary to the cell surface proteins the virus will attach and enter the cell
2. The membrane and protein coat of the virus disintegrate and the DNA/RNA enters the nucleus of the cell
3. If a retrovirus; reverse transcriptase will turn RNA to DNA
4. This dna is then copied using specific enzymes
5. Viral proteins are made form the copied DNA using the cells ribosomes
6. The new virus’ Burst out of the cell and kill the cell in the cell in the process

Question 21

Fluid mosaic model

-membrane

Answer 21

• proteins and protein pores in a phospholipid bilayer
• H2O, CO2, O2 pass freely across membrane
• alcohol, vit D, steroid hormones are lipid soluble so can pass across bilayer
• Na+, Cl- ions, glucose, amino acids are water soluble so can only enter through specific proteins
• proteins and starch are too big to pass through

Question 22

What do the proteins in the membranes act as

Answer 22

Hydrophilic pores

Specific receptor sites for hormones

Enzymes

Recognition molecules

Question 23

Diffusion

Answer 23

The net movement of particles from a region of high conc to a region of low conc until equilibrium is met

Question 24

Ficks law

Answer 24

Rate of diffusion is proportional to…

(SA x con gradient)/ diffusion distance

Question 25

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

Diffusion ( don conc gradient ) sped up by specific membrane proteins and therefore requires ATP

Question 26

Steps of FD

Answer 26

1. Pore opens in the membrane 2. Glucose binds to glucose binding site 3. The transporter protein changes shape and transferred the glucose to the other side

Question 27

Osmosis

Answer 27

The net movement of water particles from a region oh hit water potential to a region of low water potential across a semi permeable membrane until equilibrium is met

Question 28

Cell in Hypertonic solution

Answer 28

Solution has a More negative W.P. | Cell loses water and shrivels

Question 29

Cell in isotonic solution

Answer 29

Cell and solution have same W.P. | No osmosis

Question 30

Cell in hypotonic solution

Answer 30

Solution has a less negative water potential Cell absorbs water Swells and bursts

Question 31

Active transport

Answer 31

The movement of ions or molecules agains a concentration gradient Using specific membrane proteins and ATP

Question 32

Steps of active transport | -Glucose from gut to blood

Answer 32

1. Na+/ K+ pump uses ATP to move ions into the cell from the gut and then into the blood ( 3Na+ out 2K+ in ) 2. This creates a region of low conc of Na+ in the cell 3. Na+ moves from the gut into the cell via facilitated diffusion. The protein that moves it into the cell also transports glucose 4. Therefore there is now a high conc of glucose in the cell so it is moved into the blood via facilitated diffusion