Cells and classification Flashcards by Jonathan Fleming

Names the organelles in an animal cell

Cell surface membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Ribosome

Mitochondria

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What is an organelle?

Microscopic structures that carry out specific jobs or functions in a cell

e.g. Ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

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Name the organelles in a plant cell

Cell surface membrane

Cell wall

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Ribosome

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Mitochondria

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Which organelles are only found in plant cells ( not animal cells)

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

Cell wall ( made of cellulose)

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What is the role of the nucleus

Contains DNA/chromosomes that control the activities of the cell. Genes provide the instructions to make new proteins in the cell.

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What is the role of the mitochondria

Organelle in which respiration occurs

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What is the word equation for respiration

Glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide

(to release energy)

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What is the function of the chloroplast

Only found in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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What is the advantage of an electron microscope over a light microscope

Clear image/clarity

More detail- you can see more structures e.g. Flagellum on a bacteria cell

Greater magnification- up to 2000000 time magnified

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Name the structures of a bacterial cell

Chromosomal DNA

Plasmid DNA

Cytoplasm

Cell wall ( not made of cellulose)

Flagellum ( not always present)

Slime coat

pilli

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How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope

Objective lens x eye piece lens

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What is a stem cell

An unspecialised cell that can divide to produce more stem cells or different specialised cell types.

In the future they could be used to treat diseases like Parkinson’s disease or repair damaged tissues.

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What happens in the mitochondria

Respiration to release energy for the cell to live

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What are the 5 kingdoms in classification

Plantae

Animalia

Fungi

Protoctista

Prokaryote

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What is a hybrid

When 2 closely related species breed. The offspring of usually infertile but have characteristics of both parents e.g zedonk!

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How do you select a bionomial name?

Genus Species

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What is speciation?

The formation of a new species, such as when populations of a species are separated geographically and evolve until they are no longer capable of interbreeding.

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Name give to different forms of the same gene

Allele

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Describe the symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Thick mucus on the lungs - frequent infections of the lungs - Thick mucus blocks the enzymes in the digestive system leading to difficulty maintaining weight ( enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine) - thick mucus blocks reproductive tubes( often infertile) - shortened life expectancy

How would you describe Cc?

Heterozygous

Carrier (if a recessive genetic disease)

How do you inherit a disease like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease?

They are recessive diseases - caused by inheriting 2 recessive alleles e.g. cc

Draw a punnet square for 2 parents that are carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF). What is the probability of a child having CF?

1:4 have CF (25%) 1:2 are carriers (50%)

cystic fibrosis is usually shown using the letter c

Gametes: C c C c

offspring: CC Cc Cc cc

What is natural selection?

A process in which the organisms best suited to the conditions of their habitats are likely to survive.

Survival of the fittest!

Describe the adaptation of the polar bear

Describe the adaptations of the Pompeii deep sea worm....

Describe the symptoms of sickle cell disease

Tired/fatigue short of breath ( red blood cells carry less oxygen) Painful joints because red blood cells stick together and block blood vessels

What is a normal distribution?

Variation on a graph that shows a bell shaped curve with most values in the middle of the range and few at the extremes. E.g. Height

What is biodiversity?

A measure of the total number of different species in an area. The higher the biodiversity the more variety of plant and animal species their are in an area. There are biodiversity hotspots around the world.

Accurate classification using the binomial system allows biologist to.....

- easily identify existing species and new species - see how organisms are related - identify areas of greater biodiversity and lesser biodiversity

Why is biodiversity important?

- We obtain products from living things (food and medicine) - we might need these things in the future ( as point 1) - bio-diverse areas are better at recovering from natural disasters. - scientists think more money should be spent on areas of high biodiversity (conservation is needed to prevent loss of species or species at risk).

How can scientist classify different vertibtrates?

Bird/fish/mammal/ amphibian/ reptile - **how they absorb oxygen: **fish have gills, mammal, reptiles, birds have lungs, young amphibians have gills but adults usually have lungs and can absorb oxygen through skin - **internal or external fertilisation** **- oviparous **( lay eggs) or **viviparous **( give birth to live young) - **body temperature: homeothermic (**maintain a constant body temperature, often warmer than their surroundings) or **poikilotherms (**body temperature varies with their surroundings)

What is a ring species?

A ring of populations, in which neighbouring populations can interbreed but the populations at the two ends of the chain cannot( despite the fact the both live in the same area)

What are the different types of variation?

**Genetic variation** - caused by the DNA you inherit (mostly discontinuous variation) **environmental variation** - caused by the environment and surroundings/lifestyle

What is discontinuous variation?

A characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values E.g blood group