Cells and Microscopes

Question 1

Who made the first compound light microscope

Answer 1

Janssen (late 1500s)

Question 2

What did Leeuwenhoek do

Answer 2

improved magnification

first to observe living cells under microscope (called them animalcules)

Question 3

Simple microscope vs. compound microscope

Answer 3

Has only one lens vs. two lenses

Question 4

Electron microscopes

Answer 4

use electrons instead of light
magnify up to 1,000,000 X
high magnification and resolution
Cells must be dead

Question 5

SEM

Answer 5

scanning electron microscope
produces 3D image
Only see surface of specimen

Question 6

TEM

Answer 6

transmission electron microscope
Produces 2D image
Can see detailed cell parts

Question 7

STM

Answer 7

scanning tunneling microscope

Shows arrangement of atoms and molecules
Can observe live specimens

Question 8

What are the three parts of cell theory

Answer 8

1. Cells are the smallest unit of life
2. All living things are made of cells (at least one)
3. All cells divide and come from pre-existing cells

Question 9

Centrifuge

Answer 9

spins to separate mixtures (like cells)

Question 10

Micro dissection

Answer 10

using tiny instruments under a microscope to work with cells

Question 11

Cell culture

Answer 11

grow cells in a lab

Question 12

The variety of cell shapes reflect

Answer 12

different functions

Question 13

What is the boundary of the cell and what is it made of

Answer 13

plasma membrane (aka cell membrane) 
Made of a phospholipid bilayer

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

everything in cell except nucleus

cytosol - liquid part of the cytoplasm includes dissolved materials

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

Control center of the cell
DNA is inside nucleus in eukaryotes
DNA is free floating in prokaryotes

Question 16

Ribosomes

Answer 16

make protein.

Start in cytoplasm. Some will sit down on rough ER.

Question 17

Prokaryotes

Answer 17

have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Have plasma membrane
Have cell wall
Have ribosomes
Have free floating circular DNA

Question 18

Eukaryotes

Answer 18

Have nucleus and complex membrane bound organelles

Question 19

Cellular organization small to large

Answer 19

cell 
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 20

Plant cells

Answer 20

Have large central vacuole
Have cell wall
Have chloroplast

Question 21

Define organelle

Answer 21

subcellular structure that has one or more jobs to perform in the cell

Question 22

Cells are limited in size by

Answer 22

rate at which substances needed by the cell can enter through the surface

Want the largest surface area to volume ratio possible

Question 23

Diameter of most plant and animal cells

Answer 23

10 - 50 micrometers

Question 24

How does a nerve cell illustrate that structure is related to function

Answer 24

long extensions for sending impulses

Question 25

How do skin cells illustrate that structure is related to function

Answer 25

skin cell are flat and form a barrier

Question 26

How are organelles in a cell like organs in an organism

Answer 26

organelles all have different jobs but work together to keep the cell functioning this is the same as organs in an organism

Question 27

When were microscopes first used

Answer 27

17th century

Question 28

Ribosomes

Answer 28

make proteins

Question 29

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

has ribosomes modifies proteins moves proteins through ER and into Golgi apparatus (golgi body)

Question 30

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body

Answer 30

Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

Question 31

Vesicles

Answer 31

Transport proteins or other materials around the cell

Question 32

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 32

makes lipids | removes toxins from the cell

Question 33

Cell wall

Answer 33

made of cellulose | provides structure and support to plant cells and fungi

Question 34

Mitochondria

Answer 34

turns glucose into ATP

Question 35

Chloroplast

Answer 35

Captures sunlight and transforms it into chemical energy (glucose)

Question 36

lysosome

Answer 36

contains enzymes that degrade old organelles, proteins, or the entire cell

Question 37

Vacuole

Answer 37

storage of food, water, or enzymes

Question 38

Centrioles

Answer 38

make the spindle during mitosis

Question 39

What organelles are involved with protein formation

Answer 39

``` nucleus (turns DNA to mRNA) ribosome (turns mRNA into protein) Rough ER (modifies protein) Golgi Body (modifies and packages proteins) Vesicle (transports proteins) ```

Question 40

Where can proteins go after they are shipped out in vesicles

Answer 40

plasma membrane (either to stay in membrane or get shipped out of cell) lysosome (if there is a mistake and they need to be degraded) other organelles

Question 41

What organelles are involved with energy

Answer 41

chloroplast (capture light energy and transform it to chemical energy) mitochondria (transform glucose to ATP)

Question 42

What is the process called where cells take on specific jobs?

Answer 42

differentiation