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Cells and Microscopy Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What are the seven organelles?

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, and Vacuole

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2
Q

Nucleas

A

Where the DNA is stored.

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3
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage for water, nutrients and waste products.

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in or out of the cell.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

The powerhouse of the cell and is the site of respiration.

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis occurs.

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions occur.

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Gives structure to the cell.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis happens here.

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10
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for?

A

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition.

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11
Q

What is a bacterial cell?

A

Bacterial cells are unicellular organisms that are usually 0.1µm in length. They reproduce asexually. They don’t have a nucleus but a single strand, which is coiled up.

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12
Q

What is a ciliated cell?

A

These cells line the nose and windpipe. The tiny cytoplasmic “Hairs” called cilia are in continual movement, which creates a flow of fluid that carries dust and bacteria.

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13
Q

What is an egg cell?

A

They have a large amount of cytoplasm containing yolk droplets made up of fat and protein. The nucleus contains genetic information.

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14
Q

What palisade mesophyll cell?

A

These are found underneath the upper epidermis of plant leaves. They are columnar and packed with chloroplasts. Their function is to make food.

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15
Q

What is a nerve cell?

A

These cells are specialised for conducting electrical impulses along the fibre to and from the brain and spine. The fibres are long connecting parts of the body to the brain.

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16
Q

What is a root hair cell?

A

These cells absorb water and mineral salts for the oil. The cell membrane controls what is absorbed. The hair-like projection penetrates between the soil, offering a large absorbing surface

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17
Q

What is a red blood cell?

A

They are tiny disc-like cell that contains Haemoglobin. This readily combines with oxygen.

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18
Q

What is a sperm cell?

A

The head contains the nucleus. The tip, called an acrosome which secretes enzymes to digest the cells around an egg. The middle piece is packed with mitachoria. The function is to reproduce.

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19
Q

What does the G in MRS GREN stand for?

A

The G in MRS GREN stands for growth.

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20
Q

What do the two Rs in MRS GREN stand for?

A

The two Rs in MRS GREN stand for reproduction and respiration.

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21
Q

Define the term sensitivity in the context of MRS GREN.

A

Sensitivity refers to an organism’s ability to detect and respond to stimuli in its environment.

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22
Q

What is movement in living organisms?

A

Movement is any action causing a change in position or place by an organism.

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23
Q

How were living organisms traditionally classified into groups?

A

Traditional classification makes use of the structural characteristics of living organisms, e.g. body shape and internal anatomy.

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24
Q

True or False? The binomial naming system uses the family and genus levels of classification.

A

False.

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25
What does the binomial naming system use?
The binomial naming system uses genus and species.
26
What does the name Canis lupus tell us about wolf classification?
The name Canis lupus tells us that wolves belong to the genus Canis and the species lupus.
27
What is the definition of a species?
A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
28
What is a dichotomous key?
A dichotomous key is a key used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features.
29
True or False? In a dichotomous key you can start from any point in the key to identify an organism.
False.
30
What is required to successfully identify an organism using a dichotomous key?
In a dichotomous key you need to follow the statements from the beginning.
31
What does it mean to classify organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationship?
Classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationship means grouping organisms on the basis of shared common ancestry.
32
How does DNA sequencing technology contribute to organism classification?
DNA sequencing technology means that organisms can be classified on the basis of their DNA base sequences.
33
True or False? Groups of organisms which share a more recent ancestor have DNA base sequences that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor.
True.
34
True or False? The DNA base sequences of mammals are more closely related to other mammals than to any other vertebrate groups.
True.
35
What are the main features used to classify animals into the animal kingdom?
The main features include: animals are multicellular, animal cells have a nucleus, but no cell wall or chloroplasts.
36
True or False? All animals are multicellular organisms.
True.
37
True or False? Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
False.
38
What are the main features used to classify plants into the plant kingdom?
The main features include: plants are multicellular, plant cells contain a nucleus, cell wall and chloroplasts.
39
Define the term vertebrate.
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone.
40
What are the main groups of vertebrates?
The main groups are: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish.
41
What are the main features of mammals?
The main features include: fur or hair, mammary glands, regulation of internal body temperature, diaphragm, four-chambered heart.
42
Define the term arthropod.
Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed legs.
43
What are the main groups of arthropods?
The main groups are: myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans.
44
What are the main features of crustaceans within the arthropod group?
Crustaceans have: two pairs of antennae, a hard exoskeleton, separate body segments, more than four pairs of jointed legs, gills.
45
What are the five kingdoms in the biological classification system?
The five kingdoms are: animal, plants, fungi, protoctist, prokaryotes.
46
What are the main features of fungi?
Features include: usually multicellular, cells contain nuclei, cell walls not made from cellulose.
47
What are protoctists?
Protoctists are unicellular or multicellular organisms with a nucleus.
48
What are the main characteristics of prokaryotes?
Features include: unicellular, cell walls not made of cellulose, cells contain cytoplasm but no nucleus.
49
True or False? All plants reproduce using flowers and seeds.
False.
50
What is an example of plant reproduction that does not use flowers and seeds?
Some plants, like ferns, reproduce by spores.
51
State two differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves.
Two differences are: monocotyledonous leaves have parallel leaf veins while dicotyledonous leaves have a network of veins; monocotyledonous leaves are narrow while dicotyledon leaves tend to be broader.
52
What is the key difference between the flowers of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants?
Monocotyledonous flowers have petals in multiples of 3, while dicotyledonous flowers have petals in multiples of 4 or 5.
53
Describe the basic structure of a virus.
A virus consists of genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat.
54
What separates cells from their surrounding environment?
The cell membrane separates cells from their surrounding environment.
55
Name the largest organelle present within animal cells.
The largest organelle within animal cells is the nucleus.
56
Name the structures present in plant cells that are not present in animal cells.
Plant cells have the following structures that are not present in animal cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole.
57
True or False? Ribosomes are present in both plant and animal cells.
True.
58
Name three organelles found within animal cells.
Organelles present within animal cells are: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes.
59
What is the smallest organelle present in both plant and animal cells?
Ribosomes are the smallest organelle; they are present in both plant and animal cells.
60
True or False? The gel-like fluid present inside both plant and animal cells is the chloroplast.
False. ## Footnote The gel-like fluid present in plant and animal cells is the cytoplasm. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells.
61
True or False? The role of the nucleus is to release energy for the cell.
False. ## Footnote The role of the nucleus is to store genetic information in the form of DNA. Energy is released by the mitochondria.
62
What is the function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
63
True or False? Muscle cells are likely to contain more mitochondria than skin cells.
True.
64
True or False? Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration.
True.
65
True or False? Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
True.
66
What is the role of cell cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions inside cells.
67
What is the function of chloroplasts within plant cells?
Chloroplasts absorb light energy during the process of photosynthesis.
68
True or False? Plant cell walls are responsible for controlling the passage of substances in and out of cells.
False. ## Footnote Plant cell walls provide strength and additional structural support for plant cells. It is the membrane that regulates the passage of substances.
69
What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?
The permanent vacuole stores cell sap and provides structural support for plant cells.
70
True or False? Animal cells have mitochondria, ribosomes and a cell wall.
False. ## Footnote Animal cells contain mitochondria and ribosomes but do not have cell walls. Cell walls are a feature of plant cells.
71
Give three differences between plant and animal cells.
Three differences between plant and animal cells are: Plant cells contain chloroplasts while animal cells do not; Plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells do not; Plant cells have a permanent vacuole while animal cells do not.
72
Describe the permanent vacuole.
The permanent vacuole in plant cells is a membrane-bound structure that stores cell sap and helps maintain cell shape.
73
True or False? Mitochondria are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
False. ## Footnote Mitochondria are the site of (aerobic) respiration. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
74
True or False? Cell membranes provide structural support to plant and animal cells.
False. ## Footnote The cell membrane does not have a rigid structure so does not provide any structural support. Its role is to control what enters and leaves the cell.
75
Which cellular structure contains the genetic material in both plant and animal cells?
The nucleus contains the genetic material, DNA, in both plant and animal cells.
76
List the structural features that are found in both plant and animal cells.
Structural features present in both plant and animal cells are: Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes.
77
True or False? Plant cells do not contain mitochondria.
False. ## Footnote Plant cells do contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, a process that is essential for both plant and animal cells.
78
How are new cells produced?
New cells are produced by division of existing cells, e.g. by mitosis or meiosis.
79
Define the term specialised cell.
Specialised cells are cells that have developed specific characteristics that allow them to perform particular functions.
80
How are red blood cells specialised to carry out their function?
Red blood cells have a large surface area to increase diffusion of oxygen and contain haemoglobin which binds to and transports oxygen. They have no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin.
81
Give an example of a specialised plant cell.
Examples of specialised plant cells include: Root hair cell, Palisade mesophyll cell, Xylem vessel.
82
True or False? Root hair cells have an increased surface area.
True.
83
Give an example of a specialised animal cell.
Examples of specialised animal cells include: Red blood cells, Nerve cells, Ciliated epithelial cells, Sperm / egg cells, Muscle cells.
84
True or False? Plants do not have organ systems.
False. ## Footnote Plants have organ systems, e.g. the shoot system contains the stem, leaves and flowers.
85
What are cells?
Cells are the basic structural units of all living organisms.
86
Define the term organelle.
Organelles are structures within cells that carry out particular functions, e.g. the nucleus.
87
List the levels of organisation in complex multicellular organisms.
The levels of organisation should be listed in the following order: Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, (Organ) systems.
88
At which level of organisation is muscle in animals?
Muscle is a tissue. It is a group of muscle cells working together to bring about movement.
89
Name the organ system responsible for the transport of substances around the human body.
The organ system responsible for the transport of substances in humans is the circulatory system.
90
Define the term tissue.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
91
True or False? Leaves are an example of a plant organ.
True.
92
State the formula for calculating magnification.
The formula for calculating magnification is: magnification = image size ÷ actual size.
93
True or False? Magnification has units.
False. ## Footnote Magnification does not have any units and is just written as, e.g. x10 or 5000x.
94
What is the equation for calculating the actual size of a specimen?
The equation for calculating the actual size of a specimen is: actual size = image size ÷ magnification.
95
How many µm are there in a mm? (Extended Tier Only)
There are 1000 µm in a mm.
96
True or False? 1.2 mm is the same as 12 000 µm. (Extended Tier Only)
False. ## Footnote 1.2 mm is not the same as 12 000 µm.

Biology (3 decks)

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