Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS Finals > Cells and Molecules > Flashcards

Cells and Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Where does NH+ of LA bind

A

Voltage gated sodium channels - active gate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of bacteria (4)

A
  1. Gram positive
  2. Gram negative
  3. Cocci
  4. Bacilli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Round bacteria

A

Cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pinkish purple bacteria

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Growth Conditions for bacteria (4)

A
  1. Aerobic
  2. Capnophilic
  3. Facultative
  4. Strictly Anaerobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Capnophilic bacteria

A

Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Facultative bacteria

A

With and without bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Strictly anaerobic bacteria

A

Without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of antibiotic resistance (2)

A

Intrinsic
Acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of acquired antibiotic resistance (2)

A

Mutation
Acquisition of new DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ways bacteria can acquire new DNA (3)

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (3)

A

Altered target site
Enzymatic inactivation
Decreased uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ESBL

A

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CPE

A

Carbapenemase Producing Entraales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Charge of ICF (2)

A

-ve compared to ECF
Although equal number of +ve and -ve charges in ICF and ECF but charge distribution is polarised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are there more sodium ions (neurone)

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are there more potassium ions (neurone)

A

ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are there more chloride ions (neurone)

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What ion is the resting membrane permeable to

A

Potassium
The diffusion of potassium is what is responsible for the RMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RMP

A

Resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does the Na/K Pump contribute to RMP? (2)

A

Exchanging unequal numbers of Na and K
Expelling any Na that leaks into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Threshold for action potential

A

-55mV

24
Q

Cause of rising phase of AP

A

Na influx
Voltage gated Na channels

25
Q

Cause of falling phase of AP

A

K efflux
Voltage gated K channels

26
Q

AP - What happens before MP reaches the threshold

A

Depolarisation

27
Q

AP - MP peak

A

35mV

28
Q

Refractory period (2)

A

Period of inexcitability after AP
Due to inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels

29
Q

Can AP add together

A

No
They are all or none events

30
Q

Consequences of the refractory period (2)

A

Limits maximum firing potential
Ensures unidirectional propagation of AP

31
Q

How does AP travel along the axon (2)

A

AP in one section depolarises the next section of ‘resting’ axon
This continues as a wave of depolarisation

32
Q

AP propagation and size of axon

A

Speed of propagation increases with axon diameter

33
Q

What cells lay down myelin

A

Glial cells

34
Q

Interruption of myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

35
Q

Nodes of Ranvier purpose

A

Axon membrane is exposed to ECF and ion flow can occur

36
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

In myelinated nerves, fewer regeneration steps per unit length of axon

37
Q

What type of axons are unmyelinated

A

C

38
Q

Examples of bacteria involved in dental abscesses (2)

A

Streptococcus anginosus
Prevotella intermedia

39
Q

Bacteria involved in osteomyelitis of jaws (4)

A
  1. Anaerobic gram negative rods
  2. Anaerobic streptococci
  3. Streptococcus anginosus
  4. Staphylococcus aureus
40
Q

Bacteria involved in Ludwig’s angina and SOI (3)

A
  1. Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
  2. Streptococcus anginosus
  3. Anaerobic streptococci
41
Q

Antimicrobial resistance - S

A

Susceptible at standard dose

42
Q

Antimicrobial resistance - I

A

Susceptible at increased dose

43
Q

Antimicrobial resistance - R

A

Resistance even with increased dose

44
Q

Clinical antimicrobial resistance

A

When infection is unlikely to respond even to maximum doses of antibiotic (EUCAST)

45
Q

Antimicrobial Stewardship Definition

A

An organisational or healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness

46
Q

Global Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance (5)

A
  1. Improve awareness and understanding
  2. Strengthen the knowledge through surveillance and research
  3. Reduce the incidence of infection
  4. Optimise use of antimicrobial medicines
  5. Ensure sustainable investment
47
Q

Why is fluoroapetitie preferable to hydroxyapatite

A

It is less susceptible to demineralisation

48
Q

When is fluoride most effective

A

Early lesions

49
Q

How does fluoride effect bacteria

A

Influences their metabolic pathways which results in less acid being produced

50
Q

Does fluoride work better systemically or topically

A

Topically

51
Q

What causes discolouration?

A

The formation of chromogenic products within the tooth structure

52
Q

How does bleaching work

A

Oxidisation of long chain chromogenic molecules
Leads to smaller non pigmented molecules

53
Q

Mechanism of action of CHXD (2)

A

Bactericidal - opens up cell membranes
Bacteriostatic - inhibits bacterial growth

54
Q

Which family does CHXD belong to

A

Antiseptic

55
Q

Substantivity of CHXD

A

Residual activity enhances bactericidal effect

BDS Finals (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions