Cells and Movement of Molecules

Question 1

characteristics of living things

Answer 1

movement
reproduction
senses
growth
respiration
excretion
nutrition
control

Question 2

what is control in mrs grenc

Answer 2

to control their internal conditions and maintain a steady state inside the body

Question 3

is bacteria or virus living? why or why not

Answer 3

bacteria yes, virus no, because they cant respire and reproduce without its host

Question 4

what is respiration in mrs grenc

Answer 4

to release energy from their food

Question 5

what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 5

pro: lack nucleus, lack membrane-bound organelles, mostly unicellular organisms
euk: has nucleus, contains membrane-bound organelles, mostly multicellular

Question 6

examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

pro: bacteria, yeast
euk: animal, plant, moulds, mushrooms

Question 7

what are the similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 7

both contain DNA and organelles and outer membrane

Question 8

parts of animal and plant cell

Answer 8

nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm (, chloroplast, celluose cell wall)

Question 9

which parts of animal and plant cells are not an organelle? what is meant by not being an organelle?

Answer 9

cell wall and cell membrane
because they are not membrane-bound nor intracellular

Question 10

mitochondria

Answer 10

site of respiration

Question 11

ribosomes

Answer 11

make proteins

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

where chemical reactions occur

Question 13

cell membrane

Answer 13

keeps the cell’s contents separate from the outside environment, selectively permeable

Question 14

vacuole

Answer 14

stores call sap

Question 15

cell wall

Answer 15

keeps cell rigid, gives structural support

Question 16

flagellum

Answer 16

a tail-like structure that can rotate for movement of the cell

Question 17

calculating magnification triangle

Answer 17

I (image size)
A (actual size) x M (magnification)

Question 18

parts of prokaryotes (bacteria)

Answer 18

plasmids, ribosomes, cell membrane, peptidoglycan, cell wall, flagella, single chromosome, capsule/ slime layer

Question 19

capsule/ slime layer

Answer 19

extra layer outside the cell wall that prevents the bacterium from drying out

Question 20

single chromosome

Answer 20

circular shaped and loose in the cytoplasm rather than being inside the nucleus

Question 21

plasmids

Answer 21

small circular rings of dna carrying some of the cell’s genes

Question 22

what can the dna in the single chromosome/ plasmid do?

Answer 22

the dna allows the cell to self-replicate and each gene codes for a particular protein

Question 23

examples of fungi and if they’re unicellular or multicellular

Answer 23

yeast (uni), mould (multi), mushroom (multi)

Question 24

features of fungi

Answer 24

• chitin cell walls
• do not photosynthesise
• store energy (glucose) in the form of glycogen

Question 25

features of moulds and mushroom

Answer 25

many cells fuse together to make long thread-like structures called hyphae a whole network of branching hyphae is called a mycelium

Question 26

structure of hyphae

Answer 26

septum, vacuole, ribosome, mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane (same as plant but without cell wall and chloroplast)

Question 27

structure of yeast cell

Answer 27

lipid (fat) droplets, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosome, vacuole, cytoplasm (same as plant but without chloroplast)

Question 28

respiration

Answer 28

chemical reaction that occurs in all living cells, involving the breakdown of glucose from food to release energy in the form of ATP

Question 29

aerobic respiration word equation of reactants and products

Answer 29

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 30

aerobic respiration symbol equation

Answer 30

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Question 31

atp

Answer 31

a chemical produced in respiration that can store energy and provide to the different parts of the cell when required

Question 32

why do living things need energy?

Answer 32

- to enable muscles to contract - to maintain body temp - to build up large molecules from small ones (e.g. proteins from amino acids) - in active transport

Question 33

where is aerobic and anaerobic respiration conducted respectively?

Answer 33

aerobic: mitochondria anaerobic: cytoplasm

Question 34

anaerobic respiration word equation

Answer 34

animals: glucose -> lactic acid + (little) energy plants, fungi: glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + (little) energy

Question 35

breathing vs respiration

Answer 35

breathing: physical process in lungs and airways respiration: chemical process in cells

Question 36

diffusion

Answer 36

the net movement of molecules of a gas or solute form an area of high concertation to an area of low concentration

Question 37

describe diffusion into cells

Answer 37

cells are surrounded by a partially permeable membrane which only small molecules can diffuse/ pass through

Question 38

factors that affect diffusion

Answer 38

- distance the molecules have to travel (shorter the faster) - concentration gradient (greater the faster) - surface area to volume ratio (higher the faster) - temperature (higher the faster) - size of molecules (smaller the faster)

Question 39

osmosis

Answer 39

the diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water potential (dilute solution) to an area of low water potential (concentrated solution) across a partially-permeable membrane

Question 40

hypertonic in animal cells

Answer 40

when the cell is surrounded in a low water potential environment, water leaves the animal cell, it shrivels up and becomes crenated

Question 41

hypotonic in animal cells

Answer 41

when the cell is surrounded in a high water potential environment, water moves into the animal cell, it bursts

Question 42

isotonic in animal and plant cells

Answer 42

when the water potential in its environment is the same as it is inside, there is no net movement of water

Question 43

hypertonic in plant cells

Answer 43

when the cell is surrounded in a low water potential environment, water leaves the plant cell, its cell membrane is pulled away from the cell wall and becomes plasmolysed

Question 44

hypotonic in plant cells

Answer 44

when the cell is surrounded in a high water potential environment, water moves into the plant cell, it becomes turgid

Question 45

active transport

Answer 45

the movement of substances against a concentration gradient, using energy from the breakdown of atp

Question 46

example of active transport

Answer 46

minerals in the soil moving into root hair cells, glucose in intestines

Question 47

process of active transport

Answer 47

1. particles need to move from low concentration to high concentration 2. atp (made by mitochondria) binds to carrier protein which allows it to change shape 3. carrier protein releases particle into the cell

Question 48

example of diffusion

Answer 48

how oxygen leaves a leaf

Question 49

example of osmosis

Answer 49

how water keeps plant cells turgid

Question 50

protoctists main groups

Answer 50

protozoa (animal-like) algae (plant-like)

Question 51

example organisms of protoctists

Answer 51

plasmodium, amoeba, slime moulds, chlorella, seaweed

Question 52

are protoctists made of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? are they uni/multicellular or both? do they contain chloroplasts? do they have cell walls? can they photosynthesise?

Answer 52

eukaryotic, both, no, no, some can

Question 53

what is the name of energy (glucose storage molecule) for protoctists?

Answer 53

glycogen (same as animal and fungi)

Question 54

what do you call something that can make their own food?

Answer 54

autotrophs

Question 55

plant photosynthesis equation

Answer 55

water + carbon dioxide -> oxygen + glucose 6H2O + 6CO2 -> 6O2 + C6H12O6