Cells and Neurons Flashcards by Hillel Krief

The Nervous System is made up of what two types of cells?

Glia
Neurons

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What is the Glia and what does it do?

(gila supports for Nachman)

cells in the nervous system that support the activity of neurons

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What cells are the two kinds of Glial cells?

Macroglia
Microglia

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Macroglia and what they contain

largest glial cells

Astrocytes- Provide support functions to neurons
- Collect molecules from and isolate synapse
- Blood brain barrier- keeps blood in brain healthy by blocking the toxins as they wrap tightly
- Cells in CNS can’t regrow when damaged.
- Communication- can release chemicals and ATP, and can signal nearby neurons to build synapses- a key step in learning
Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells- Supplies a myelin covering and insulates axon
- One oligo can form myelin for 15 neurons, but Schwann which works for PNS only creates enough myelin for one.

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Microglia

serves as the brain’s cleanup crew
if they detect cell damage like head injury, they’ll go digest the debris
the only con is that sometimes it digests healthy cells which might contribute to things like Alzheimer’s.

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What is the structure of a Neuron?

Neural membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cell body (soma)
1. Can build proteins
Processes
Axons
Dendrites

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What is the function of the Neural Membranes?

Separates intracellular field/cytoplasm of the interior of cell from the extracellular field of the outside of the cell

Selective- it decides what goes in and out
Creates a constant internal environment
Important in communication (with other cells/environment)

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What are the two types of protein structures that control membrane permeability?

Ion channels
1. More passive movement but don’t require energy
2. Two kinds- voltage and ligand gated channels
Ion pumps
1. Require energy
2. Sodium-potassium and calcium pumps.

For both of these, depending on which amino acids make up the ion channel will determine which ions can pass through the membrane

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What is the cytoskeleton made out of?

Microtubules- movement of materials within the cell
1. Anterograde transport- movement of materials away from the cell
2. Retrograde transport- movement towards the cell body
Neurofilaments- parallels to axon and provide structural support
Microfilaments- change shape and length during development

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Microtubules

movement of materials within the cell

Anterograde transport-movement of materials away from the cell to axon terminal
Retrograde transport- movement from axon terminal towards the cell body

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Neurofilaments

parallels to axon and provide structural support

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Microfilaments

change shape and length during development

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Tau Protein

in healthy body tau holds the microtubules in place. In Alzheimer’s there is too much tau, so we have too much phosphate which causes disconnect of microtubules, and has the neuron collapsing on itself

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Nodes of Ranvier

ions are transferred through here

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What is in the Neural Cell Body?

Nucleas
Ribosomes
Golgi
Mitochondria
ER
Membrane

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Nucleus

Contains DNA that directs cell functions
Contains nucleolus which builds organelles known as ribosomes

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Ribosomes

Produces proteins either on their own or with ER
Proteins are produced on the rough side and then are moved by the smooth one to the Golgi
creates protein in nucleolus

Two Types:

Free-floating ribosomes - create proteins for the cell.
- CREATE PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, produces proteins that are exported from the cell.
- Makes proteins outside the cell

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Golgi

Inserts completed proteins into vesicles.
modifies and transports proteins

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RER- Contains Ribosomes
- Produces protein that either stays in cell or leaves
- Packages them
Smooth ER- transports proteins

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Mitochondria

Extracts oxygen and pyruvic acid from sugar in the intercellular fluids which produces ATP- which is what powers most cells
The internal matrix contains proteins, ribosomes, and DNA.
It provides energy to the cell
Filters the oxygen out which makes cells live
It is thought to derive from bacteria that engulfed by an ancestor of present-day eukaryotic cells.

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ATP

basic chemical fuel that powers most of cell activity
made by mitochondria

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Dendrites

Serves as a location for information to be received.
Each synapse on a dendrite serves as receptor sites and they interact with molecules of neurotransmitters at the synaptic gap
Many of them on a neuron
Spines are the studs on dendrites that increase surface area

We don’t have a myltein sheeth here because there are no gaps

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Dendritic spines

increase surface area
- The neural plasticity allows their member and structure to be altered by experienced learning
- Just like the gym- if we don’t use them they become smaller

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Axon

What insulates it?

What are its braches called

It helps to send out information to other neurons
One per neuron
Insulated by Mylein
Branches called collaterals

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**Process**

* **Input**- comes in at synapse * **Integration** =axon hillock- where the stuff is all summed up, and where its decide to send an _action potential_ or not * Conduction Zone- * **Output zone**- where the neurotransmitters are released

Why does an axon need a myelin sheath? What does it do?

needed because: 1. allows for faster transmission 2. helps get over node of randier which is a blank space on the axon 3. Wrapped so tightly there is no extracellular fluid, good because there will be no exchange of ions for inside and outside of cell which is important for action potential

Unipolar/Sensory Neurons

1. have one axon 2. receive information from outside world & within our bodies

Bipolar/interneurons

1. have an axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body toward opposite poles 2. most common) act as bridges for sensory and motor

Multi-polar/motor neurons

1. have multiple dendrites and a single axon 2. transmit commands from CNS (brain and spine) to muscles and glands

What are the two cellular organizational patters?

1. **Eukaryotic Cells****** 2. **Prokaryotic Cells**

Procaryotes

1. organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus 2. DNA is stored here but is not protected because it doesn’t have a membrane 3. found in single-celled organisms 1. bacteria 2. archea

Eucaryotes

organisms whose cells that have a nucleus

The Nucleus

1. Contains DNA that directs cell functions 2. Is responsible for the information and where DNA replicates 3. Formed around two membranes 4. largest organelle 5. contains nucleolus which makes ribosomes

THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

**DNA**- replicates itself in the nucleus and it stays there. and then it goes a process called **transcription** to copy to **RNA** and then leaves the nucleus of the cell and becomes **translated** into **proteins** once it leaves the nucleus * The RNA leaves the cell with the ribosomes, to create proteins which either stay within the cell or leave the cell depending on if they are free floating or RER

Cytosol

large compartment in cell not connected to anything really (it’s not intercellular) * Protein/ ribosomes are made here, and it transferred through the ER * semi-fluid substance filling the interior of the cell and embedding the other organelles and subcellular compartments * enclosed by the cell membrane and the membranes of different organelles, thus making up a separate cellular compartment * we can infer that while cytosol is the fluid contained in the cell cytoplasm, cytoplasm is the entire content within the cell membrane

Lysosomes

1. created from the **Golgi apparatus.** 2. break down unwanted material for extortion or recycling 3.

Chromosomes

when cells divide, Giant DNA molecules becomes visible as Chromosomes

**_Vesicles/neurotransmitters_**

* **contain neurotransmitters** * the body's chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles

**_axon hillock_**

The bridge between the cell body and the axon is. The generation of the action potential occurs at the axon hillock

axon terminals

are small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. They are typically the sites where synapses with other neurons are found, and neurotransmitters are stored there to communicate with other neurons via these synapses

synaptic gap

is the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another and is where the electrical signal is translated to a chemical signal that can be perceived by the next neuron

synaptic vesicle

uptake, storage and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter

1. Glia 2. Neurons

The Nervous System is made up of what two types of cells?

cells in the nervous system that support the activity of neurons

What is the Glia and what does it do? (gila supports for Nachman)

1. Macroglia 2. Microglia

What cells are the two kinds of Glial cells?

largest glial cells * **_Astrocytes_**- Provide support functions to neurons * Collect molecules from and isolate synapse * Blood brain barrier- keeps blood in brain healthy by blocking the toxins as they wrap tightly * Cells in **CNS** can’t regrow when damaged. * Communication- can release chemicals and ATP, and can signal nearby neurons to build synapses- a key step in learning * **_Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells_**- Supplies a myelin covering and insulates axon * One oligo can form myelin for 15 neurons, but Schwann which works for PNS only creates enough myelin for one.

Macroglia and what they contain

1. serves as the brain’s cleanup crew 2. if they detect cell damage like head injury, they’ll go digest the debris 3. the only con is that sometimes it digests healthy cells which might contribute to things like Alzheimer’s.

Microglia

1. Neural membrane 2. Cytoskeleton 3. Cell body (soma) 1. Can build proteins 4. Processes 5. Axons 6. Dendrites

What is the structure of a Neuron?

Separates **intracellular field**/**cytoplasm** of the interior of cell from the **extracellular field** of the outside of the cell 1. Selective- it decides what goes in and out 2. Creates a constant internal environment 3. Important in communication (with other cells/environment)

What is the function of the Neural Membranes?

1. **_Ion channels_** 1. More passive movement but don’t require energy 2. Two kinds- voltage and ligand gated channels 2. **_Ion pumps_** 1. Require energy 2. Sodium-potassium and calcium pumps. For both of these, depending on which amino acids make up the ion channel will determine which ions can pass through the membrane

What are the two types of protein structures that control membrane permeability?

1. **_Microtubules_**- movement of materials within the cell 1. **Anterograde transport**- movement of materials away from the cell 2. **Retrograde transport-** movement towards the cell body 2. **_Neurofilaments-_** parallels to axon and provide structural support 3. **_Microfilaments_**- change shape and length during development

What is the cytoskeleton made out of?

movement of materials within the cell 1. **Anterograde transport**-movement of materials away from the cell to axon terminal 2. **Retrograde transport-** movement from axon terminal towards the cell body

Microtubules

parallels to axon and provide structural support

**_Neurofilaments_**

change shape and length during development

**_Microfilaments_**

Tau Protein

ions are transferred through here

Nodes of Ranvier

1. Nucleas 2. Ribosomes 3. Golgi 4. Mitochondria 5. ER 6. Membrane

What is in the Neural Cell Body?

* Contains DNA that directs cell functions * Contains nucleolus which builds organelles known as **ribosomes**

Nucleus

* Produces proteins either on their own or with ER * Proteins are produced on the rough side and then are moved by the smooth one to the Golgi * creates protein in nucleolus Two Types: 1. **Free-floating ribosomes** - create proteins for the cell. * **CREATE PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL** 2. **Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) -** continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, produces proteins that are exported from the cell. * Makes proteins outside the cell

Ribosomes

1. Inserts completed proteins into vesicles. 2. modifies and transports proteins

Golgi

1. **RER**- Contains Ribosomes * Produces protein that either stays in cell or leaves * Packages them 2. **Smooth** **ER**- transports proteins

* Extracts oxygen and pyruvic acid from sugar in the intercellular fluids which produces ATP- which is what powers most cells * The internal matrix contains proteins, ribosomes, and DNA. * It provides energy to the cell * Filters the oxygen out which makes cells live * It is thought to derive from bacteria that engulfed by an ancestor of present-day eukaryotic cells.

**_Mitochondria_**

1. basic chemical fuel that powers most of cell activity 2. made by mitochondria

ATP

* **Serves as a location for information to be received.** * Each synapse on a dendrite serves as receptor sites and they interact with molecules of neurotransmitters at the synaptic gap * Many of them on a neuron * Spines are the studs on dendrites that increase surface area We don’t have a myltein sheeth here because there are no gaps

Dendrites

* increase surface area * The neural plasticity allows their member and structure to be altered by experienced learning * Just like the gym- if we don’t use them they become smaller

Dendritic spines

* It helps **to send out** information to other neurons * One per neuron * Insulated by Mylein * Branches called collaterals

**Axon** What insulates it? What are its braches called

**Process**

Why does an axon need a myelin sheath? What does it do?

1. have one axon 2. receive information from outside world & within our bodies

Unipolar/Sensory Neurons

1. have an axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body toward opposite poles 2. most common) act as bridges for sensory and motor

Bipolar/interneurons

1. have multiple dendrites and a single axon 2. transmit commands from CNS (brain and spine) to muscles and glands

Multi-polar/motor neurons

1. **Eukaryotic Cells****** 2. **Prokaryotic Cells**

What are the two cellular organizational patters?

1. organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus 2. DNA is stored here but is not protected because it doesn’t have a membrane 3. found in single-celled organisms 1. bacteria 2. archea

Procaryotes

organisms whose cells that have a nucleus

Eucaryotes

The Nucleus

THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Cytosol

1. created from the **Golgi apparatus.** 2. break down unwanted material for extortion or recycling 3.

Lysosomes

when cells divide, Giant DNA molecules becomes visible as Chromosomes

Chromosomes

* **contain neurotransmitters** * the body's chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles

**_Vesicles/neurotransmitters_**

The bridge between the cell body and the axon is. The generation of the action potential occurs at the axon hillock

**_axon hillock_**

axon terminals

is the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another and is where the electrical signal is translated to a chemical signal that can be perceived by the next neuron

synaptic gap

uptake, storage and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter

synaptic vesicle

Cells and Neurons Flashcards

(86 cards)