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MICRO 360 > Cells and Organs > Flashcards

Cells and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common leukocyte in the blood?

A

neutrophils (innate cell) - 50-70%

following this would be lymphocytes 20-40%

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2
Q

What are granulocytes? Where are they found?

A

granulocytes are innate cells which possess the ability to secrete granules. They are found in the circulation.

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3
Q

the three main granulocytes are

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

what does each do?

A

neutrophils –> most common, arrive to infection scene first. They perform phagocytosis of microbes

eosinophils –> recognize and phagocytose opsonized molecules (i.e. antibody coated parasites)

Basophils –> respond to allergies and parasites

all produce inflammation

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4
Q

t or f, monocytes are granulocytes

A

false –> they are the circulation equivalent of macrophages

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5
Q

what are mast cells?

A

they release histamine in allergic reactions. We take anti-histamine during these reactions. They also have a major role in expulsion of parasites

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6
Q

t or f, monocytes are ABC’s

A

true, monocytes will digest microbe and present them on MHC complexes.

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7
Q

explain briefly

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil 
monocyte
dendritic cell
B cell
T cell
A

innate: granulocyte
neutrophil –> most common circulation, phagocytosis
eosinophil –> recognize opsonized microbes
basophil –> from allergic rxn, and parasite detection

innate
monocyte –> circulatory ABC, phagocytosis

intermediate: dendritic cell: also an ABC and scaffold

adaptive
B cell –> antibodies i.e. humoral
T cell –> cell mediated

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8
Q

Explain where each dendritic cell is found

  1. Langerhan cell
  2. interstitial dendritic cell
  3. interdigitating dendritic cell
  4. circulating “”
A
  1. langerhan cells are found in the epidermis of our skin and mucosal membranes
  2. interstitial –> populate organ tissue
  3. interdigitating –> found in t cell area’s of secondary lymph tissue and the thymus
  4. circulating –> in vasculature (blood and lymph)
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9
Q

What are follicular dendritic cells? (4 points)

A
  • these are NOT antigen presenting cells unlike most dendritic cells
  • located in B cell follicles
  • express high levels of complement proteins and Fc receptors
  • can also bind opsonized antigens
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10
Q

t or f, follicular dendritic cells have arms which contain receptors. These bind antigens and help facilitate B cell activation.

A

true! follicular dendritic cells aren’t associated with T cells like all others.

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11
Q

t or false, Natural killer cells and Natural killer T cells are the same thing.

A

false.
NK cells are innate cells which kill foreign molecules

NKT cells have NK and T cell properties.

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12
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

formation of all kinds of blood cells

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13
Q

all blood cells start off as a hematopoietic stem cell. Cytokines are often the regulatory molecule that causes these to differentiate.

What does the hematopoietic cell differentiate into for

  1. innate cells
  2. adaptive
A

hematopoietic stem cells will become

innate –> myeloid progenitor

adaptive –> lymphoid progenitor

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14
Q

where does differentiation of stem cells to myeloid and lymphoid occur? Where does differentiation of these to other immune cells occur?

A

stems differentiate in bone marrow

myeloid and lymphoid differentiate in bone marrow once more and then in peripheral tissue.

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15
Q

where do dendritic cells come from?

A

large variety of cells –> note they are considered adaptive cells in this situation.

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16
Q

what duct returns all lymphatics?

A

thoracic duct places all lymph back into the blood near your neck.

17
Q

what is the main force of lymph movement?

A

contraction of skeletal muscle

18
Q

explain what primary lymphoid tissue is and secondary lymphoid tissue is.

A

primary = bone marrow where cells are made and the thymus where T cells develop

secondary =
the spleen - filters blood
lymph node - traps antigens from lymph
MALT, BALT, and GALT

19
Q

what are MALT, BALT, and GALT

A

secondary associated lymph tissue

mucosal
gut
bronchial (respiratory)

20
Q

what is a naive B or T cell?

A

a mature lymphocyte that has not yet been activated by antigen.

21
Q

how do naive lymphocytes enter a lymph node?

A
  • afferent lymphatics

- high endothelial venules (HEV)

22
Q

what are high endothelial venules?

A

HEV are venules that allow lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes.

23
Q

Explain the anatomy of a lymph node from outside to inside.

A

lymph nodes have afferent lymphatics bringing in lymphocytes and APC’s and efferent lymphatics taking them out.

outer cortex contains the germ line
para cortex containing mostly T cells
medulla contain plasma B cells.

24
Q

Explain what is in the outer, para, and medulla of a lymph node.

A

outer cortex –> contains follicles where germ lines develop. this is mainly B cells, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages.

para-cortex –> This is where T cells and interdigitating dendritic cells are found

medulla –> here plasma B cells that secrete antibodies are found.

25
Q

why are plasma cells found in the medulla of the lymph node?

A

medulla is closest to circulation so antibodies can enter it.

26
Q

true or false, the spleen filters lymph.

A

false, ONLY BLOOD

27
Q

t or f, most lymphocytes visit the spleen in one day.. much more than the lymph nodes

A

true.

the spleen is number one site to trap blood borne microbes

28
Q

What is the Red pulp compartment and white pulp compartment of the spleen?

A

Red pulp compartment -> removes old RBC’s

white pulp compartment -> activates lymphocytes

29
Q

White pulp is made up of the

  1. marginal zone
  2. PALS
  3. follicles

explain each

A

marginal zone –> this separates the red and white pulps. Additionally, this is where antigens and microbes get trapped.

PALS –> DC transports the antigens from the marginal zone to the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) which surrounds the spleen arterioles. When the DC cells come they activate T cells

Follicles –> contain follicular DC cells, B cells, and macrophages.

30
Q

what is the trabculae?

A

structural material of the spleen.

31
Q

what is the bulk of lymphoid tissue?

A

MALT

32
Q

what are Peyers patches?

A

Peyer’s patches are sections in MALT, BALT, and GALT, that contain M cells. M cells deliver antigen to underlaying immune cells.

33
Q

what antibody is m cells biased towards?

A

IgA production

34
Q

true or false, secondary lymph tissue is organized to have specific area’s interact with antigen

A

true such as follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes which contain B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages.

MICRO 360 (12 decks)

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