Cells and Organs Involves in Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
BCRs in B-cells stands for:
A
Antigen-specific B-cell
receptors (BCRs)
2
Q
Secrete antibody
A
B-CELLS
3
Q
Humoral immunity
A
B-CELLS
4
Q
TCRs in T-cells stands for:
A
Antigen-specific T-cell
receptors
5
Q
T-cells subsets and
cytokines
A
T-CELLS
6
Q
Cellular immunity
A
T-CELLS
7
Q
T/F: Humoral immunity is under B cells
A
T
8
Q
T/F: Cellular immunity is under T cells
A
T
9
Q
T-cells also exhibit _______ by virtue of
their expression of a________.
A
antigen specificity
antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs)
10
Q
In the case of T-cells, their participation in _______ is as varied as the ______ and _______ they produce.
A
adaptive immune responses
T-cell subsets
cytokines
11
Q
Historically, T-cell mediated responses have been
referred to as _______ or ________
A
cell-mediated responses or cellular immunity
12
Q
B cells expressing antigen-specific B-cell receptors
(BCRs) synthesize and secrete antibody into the
bloodstream
A
humoral immunity
13
Q
What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs
A
bone marrow
thymus
14
Q
Considered the largest tissue of the body, with a
total weight of _______ in the _____
A
BONE MARROW
1300 - 1500g
adult
15
Q
Fills the core the all long bones
A
BONE MARROW
16
Q
main source of hematopoietic stem cells of the blood cell lines
A
BONE MARROW
17
Q
bone marrow is the main source of ______ of the blood cell lines
A
hematopoietic stem cells
18
Q
what are the cells that arise from a common precursor
A
T,B,and NK cells
19
Q
T,B,and NK cells arise from what common precursor
A
common lymphoid precursor (CLP)
20
Q
Site of T cells maturation
A
THYMUS
21
Q
THYMUS is the site of ____
A
T cells maturation
22
Q
A small, flat, bilobed organ found on the thorax,
weighs an average of 30 g at birth, reaches about
35 g at puberty, and then gradually atrophies
A
THYMUS
23
Q
Thymus is a small, flat, bilobed organ found on the _____, weighs an average of _____at birth, reaches about _____ at puberty, and then gradually _____
A
thorax
30g
35g
atrophies
24
Q
● Once differentiation occurs, _______ are released from the _____ and the _____.
A
mature T and B lymphocytes
bone marrow
thymus
25
Once differentiation occurs, mature T and B
lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow
and the thymus. They migrate to _____ and become part of a ______
secondary lymphoid organs
recirculating pool
26
What are the different secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's
patches in the intestines, and other mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
27
where activation of lymphocytes occurs on these organs (secondary lymphoid organs)
Lymphopoieses
28
MALT stands for
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
29
Largest secondary lymphoid organ
spleen
30
spleen: approx. ____ and weighing ____ in adult
12 cm
150 g
31
Located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdome
SPLEEN
32
A large discriminating filter, as it removes old and
damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood
SPLEEN
33
makes up >1/2 of the total vol.; function
is to destroy old RBC
Red pulp
34
Red pulp makes up ____ of the total volume
>1/2
35
what is the function of red pulp
to destroy old RBCs
36
approx. 20% of total wt. of spleen and
contains the lymphoid tissue
White pulp:
37
White pulp is approx. ___ of total weight of ____ and contains the _____
20%
spleen
lymphoid tissue
38
lymph node is located along _____
lymphatic ducts
39
Located along lymphatic ducts
LYMPH NODES
40
serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from
adjacent tissues
LYMPH NODES
41
primary function: Generation of B-cell memory
lymph nodes
42
what is the primary function
of lymph nodes
● Generation of B-cell memory
43
T/F: Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells
causes the lymph nodes to become small
F; enlarged
44
what condition shows enlarged lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
45
The outermost layer of the lymph nodes
cortex
46
contains
macrophages and aggregations of B cells in
primary follicles similar to those found in the
spleen
cortex
47
cortex contains contains
_____ and aggregations of _____ in
primary follicles similar to those found in the
spleen.
macrophages
B cells
48
the ___ cells found in the cortex, are _____, ______
that have not yet been exposed to ____
B
mature
resting B cells
antigen
49
Specialized cells that also located in the cortex
follicular dendritic cells
50
They are found only in lymphoid follicles
and have long cytoplasmic processes that
radiate out like _____
follicular dendritic cells
tentacles
51
These cells
exhibit a large number of receptors for
antibody and complement and help to
capture antigen to present to T and B cells
follicular dendritic cells
52
consist of antigen stimulated proliferating B cells.
Secondary follicles
53
Secondary follicles consist of ____
antigen stimulated proliferating B cells
54
interior of a secondary follicle is known
as
germinal center
55
The interior of a secondary follicle is known
as the germinal center, because it is here
that ______ of the ______ takes place
blast transformation
B cells
56
actively secrete antibody, and memory cells
Plasma cells
57
Plasma cells actively secretes _____ and ___w hich are just a step away from forming plasma cells
antibody
memory cells
58
primary function of lymph nodes.
generation of B-cell memory
59
generation of B-cell memory is the primary function of
lymph nodes
60
T lymphocytes are mainly localized in the __
paracortex
61
mainly localized in the paracortex
T lymphocytes
62
The region between the follicles and the
medulla
paracortex
63
The region between the follicles and the
medulla
paracortex
64
T lymphocytes are in close
proximity to antigen-presenting cells called
________
interdigitating cells
65
The ______ is less densely populated but contains some _____ (in addition to B cells), _____,
and numerous _______.
medulla
T cells
macrophages,
plasma cells.
66
Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells
causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a
condition known ___
lymphadenopathy
67
What are the 4 other secondary lymphoid organs
1. Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
2. Tonsils and Appendix
3. Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
68
Found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts
Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
69
Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) is found in ____. ___ and _____
gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts
70
MALT:
In gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts , ___ and ____ are
localized at some of the main ports of entry
for foreign organisms.
macrophages
lymphocytes
71
represent a specialized type of
MALT and are located at the lower ileum of the
intestinal tract
● Peyer’s patches
72
Found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral
and pharyngeal cavities
Tonsils
73
Their function is to respond to pathogens entering
the respiratory and alimentary tracts
Tonsils
74
An additional location of lymphoid tissue and the potential site for contact w foreign antigens wc increase the probability of an immune response
appendix
75
T/F: All of these PRIMARY organs are potential
site for contact with foreign antigens which
increase the probability of an immune
response
F; SECONDARY
76
WHAT OTHER SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The epidermis contains a number of intraepidermal
lymphocytes
Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
77
The epidermis contains a number of _____
intraepidermal lymphocytes.
78
Most of these are T cells, which are uniquely
positioned to combat any antigens that enter
through the skin
Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
79
CALT stands for
Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
80
Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used
as markers to differentiate T cells and B cells.
SURFACE MARKERS
81
SURFACE MARKERS ON LYMPHOCYTES are Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used
as markers to differentiate ____ and ___
T cells and B cells
82
these are Proteins that can also be used to distinguish the developmental stages of the two types of cells
according to when these proteins appear
SURFACE MARKERS
83
A reference in standardizing names of membrane
proteins found on all human white blood cells
CLUSTERS OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD)
84
STAGES IN B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Pro B-cells
Pre B-cells
Immature B-cells
Mature B-cells
Activated B-cells
Plasma Cells
85
has distinctive markers that include
surface antigens CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and
c-Kit
Pro B-cells
86
Pro-B cell has distinctive markers that include
surface antigens ___. _____, _____, ______, and ____
CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and
c-Kit
87
Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody
molecule occurs
Pre B-cells
88
Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody
molecule occurs
Pre B-cells
89
In the Pre B-cells, The first heavy chains synthesized are the _____, which belong to the class of
immunoglobulins called ______ , accompanied by an
unusual light chain called a ______
μ chains
IgM
surrogate light chain
90
In the Pre B-cells, once the _____ is expressed,
neighboring pre-B cells may send signals for
further _____
pre-B receptor (preBCR)
maturation
91
Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM
molecules on the cell surface
Immature B-cells
92
Immature B-cells is Distinguished by the appearance of complete _____ molecules on the cell surface
IgM
93
Completion of light chain rearrangement commits
a cell to produce an antibody molecule with
specificity for a particular antigen or group of
related antigens.
Immature B-cells
94
In Immature B-cells, this is where both the light and heavy chains occurs
Variable regions,
95
Variable regions, which occur on
both the light and heavy chains, determine this
_____
specificity
96
Other surface proteins that appear on the
immature B cell include:
→ CD21
→ CD 40
→ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class
II molecules
97
MATURE B-CELLS:
In the ____, immature B cells develop into
mature cells known ______
spleen
marginal zone B cells,
98
remain in the spleen in order to respond quickly to
any blood-borne pathogens they may come into
contact with
marginal zone B cells
99
MATURE B-CELLS:
Other immature B cells become ______,
which are found in _____ and other
_____
follicular B cells,
lymph nodes,
secondary organs
100
MATIURE B-CELLS
Both ____ and _____are exhibited on their surface
IgM
IgD
101
T/F: IgD is required for B-cell function
F; NOT REQUIRED
102
T/F: IgD is not required for B-cell function, but it
may prolong the life span of mature B cells in
the periphery
T
103
Antigen-dependent activation of B cells takes
place in the _____ of ______
primary follicles
peripheral lymphoid tissue
104
ACTIVATED B-CELLS EXHIBIT:
Identifying markers that include ____, which is
found on both ____ T and B cells and acts as
a receptor for _______, a growth factor
produced by T cells
CD25
activated
interleukin-2 (IL-2)
105
a growth factor
produced by T cells
interleukin-2 (IL-2)
106
Activated B-cells Exhibit:
Additional receptors that appear at this time are
_____ for other ____ produced by _____.
specific
growth factors
T cells
107
Activated B-cells Exhibit:
When B cells are activated in this manner,
they transform into _____ that will give rise to both
_____ and so-called ______ s.
blasts,
plasma cells
memory cells
108
Spherical or ellipsoidal cells
plasma cells
109
Plasma cells are spherical or ellipsoidal cells between ___ in size
10 and 20 μm
110
Plasma cells are Characterized by the presence of:
→ Abundant cytoplasmic immunoglobulin
→ Little to no surface immunoglobulin
111
Represents the most fully differentiated
lymphocyte
Plasma cells
112
main function is antibody
production
plasma cells
113
main function is antibody
production
plasma cells
114
what is the main function of plasma cells
antibody production
115
T/F: Plasma cells are normally found in the blood
F; Plasma cells are NOT normally found in the blood
116
Plasma cells are not normally found in the blood
but are located in ______ in the _______
germinal centers
peripheral lymphoid organs.
117
are nondividing, and after several
days of antibody production, they die without
further proliferation
PLASMA CELLS
118
Plasma cells are ___, and after several
days of antibody production, they ___ without
further ____
nondividing,
die
proliferation
119
Also found in germinal centers and have a much
longer life span than a resting B cell
Memory cells
120
Memory cells are Also found in germinal centers and have a much longer life span than a resting ____
B cell
121
, represent
progeny of antigen-stimulated B cells that are
capable of responding to antigen with increased
speed and intensity
Memory cells
122
They are similar in appearance to unstimulated
B cells, but they remain in an _____ state for
____ or ___, ready to respond to the initial
_____.
memory cells
activated
months or years,
antigen.
123
60 to 80% of circulating lymphocytes in the
peripheral blood are ____
T cells
124
_____ to ____ of circulating lymphocytes in the
peripheral blood are T cells, and these become
differentiated in the _____
60 to 80%
thymus
125
Early surface markers on thymocytes (Lymphocyte
precursors) that are committed to becoming T cells
CD44 and CD25
126
T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
Early surface markers on ______ (Lymphocyte
precursors) that are committed to becoming T cells
include ____ and ____
thymocytes
CD44
CD25
127
T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
Orderly rearrangement of the genes coding for the
antigen receptor, distinct surface markers appear
during ______
specific stages of development
128
T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
Maturation is an elaborate process that takes place
over a ______ period as cells filter through the
_____ to the _____
3-week
cortex
medulla
129
T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
interaction with _____ under the influence of
____, especially ______, is critical for
growth and differentiation
stromal cells
cytokines
interleukin-7,
130
What are the stages under T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Double-Negative Stage
Double-Positive Stage
131
Lack CD4 and CD8 markers
Double-Negative Stage
132
Double-Negative Stage lack ___ and ___ markers
CD4 and CD8
133
Rearrangement of the genes that code for the
antigen receptor known as TCR begins at this
stage
. Double-Negative Stage
134
genes that code for the
antigen receptor
TCR (T-CELL RECEPTOR?)
135
Rearrangement of the β chain occurs
Double-Negative Stage
136
Rearrangement of the ___ occurs in the Double-Negative Stage
β chain
137
Stage where Thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 antigens
Double-Positive Stage
138
Thymocytes express both___ and _____,
they are called _____
cd4 and cd8
double-positive
139
In Double-Positive Stage, ___ express both CD4 and CD8 antigens
Thymocytes
140
___ proliferate and then
begin to rearrange the genes coding for the ___
Double positive thymocytes
alpha chain
141
MATURE T-CELLS:
Survivors of selection exhibit only ____ type of
marker, either ___ or ____, and they migrate to the
____
one
CD4
CD8
medulla
142
MATURE T-CELLS:
___ recognize antigen along with MHC
class II protein;
CD4+ T cells
143
MATURE T-CELLS:
CD4+ T cells recognize antigen along with ___
MHC class II protein
144
MATURE T-CELLS:
____ interact with
antigen and MHC class I proteins
CD8+ T cells
145
MATURE T-CELLS:
CD8+ T cells interact with _____ AND _____ PROTEINS
antigen
d MHC class I
146
T cells bearing the CD4 receptor are termed __; while the CD8-positive are ___
helper, or inducer cells,
cytotoxic T cells
147
helper, or inducer cells, are the T cells bearing the ___
CD4 receptor
148
cytotoxic T cells
CD8-positive
149
____ are released from the _____
and seed ____
mature T cells
thymus
peripheral lymphoid organs
150
____ have a life span of up to several years in these
peripheral organs
Resting T cells
151
Lymphocytes that do not express the markers of
either T cells or B cells
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
152
plays a critical role in NK cell
development
Interleukin-15
153
Larger than T cells and B cells at approximately ____ in diameter
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
15 μm
154
contain kidney-shaped nuclei
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
155
NATURAL KILLER CELLS nuclei:
kidney-shaped nuclei
156
NK cells contain ____ chromatin and ____
nucleoli.
condensed
prominent
157
T/F: NK cells have low cytoplasmic-nuclear ratio
F; HIGHER
158
Cytoplasm of NK cells contains a number of ____
azurophilic granules.
159
Cytoplasm contains a number of azurophilic
granules.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
160
NATURAL KILLER CELLS Make up ____ percent of the circulating lymphoid pool and are found mainly in the ____ and ___
5 to 10 percent
spleen and peripheral blood
161
Have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and
kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
162
They play an important role as a transitional cell
bridging the innate and the acquired response to
pathogens
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
163
T/F: Natural killer cells lack specificity in their response
T
164
T/F: The fact that NK CELLS lack specificity in their response is essential to their function as early defenders against pathogens
T
165
The fact that NK CELLS lack specificity in their response is essential to their function as early ___ against ____.
This gives time for the ____ response of specific T and B cells to be ____
defenders
pathogens
acquired
activated
166
allows NK cells to attach to and lyse any
cells that are coated with antibody
CD16
167
2 subsets of NK cells
A high level of CD56 and low or no CD16
Some CD56 and high levels of CD16
168
produce more cytokines and help support
antibody production
A high level of CD56 and low or no CD16
169
have
a higher cytotoxic activity
→ Some CD56 and high levels of CD16 -
170
NK cell activity is stimulated by exposure to
_____
cytokines
171
NK cell activity is stimulated by exposure to
cytokines such as:: (3)
→ Interleukin-12
→ Interferon gamma
→ Interferon beta
172
Since those cytokines rises rapidly during a viral infection, NK cells are able to respond early on during an infection, and their activity peaks in about ____,
well before____ or a _____
response
3 days,
antibody production,
cytotoxic T cell
