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Immunology 3115 > Cells and Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation and development of RBS and WBC

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2
Q

White blood cells

A

Granulocytes
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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3
Q

Granulocytes

A

Look granular under microscope
Include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Myeloid progenitor

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4
Q

Mast cells

A

Sometimes considered granulocytes
Not present in blood
Precursors migrate from bone marrow into blood to epithelial tissue
Cause allergic reactions
Myeloid progenitor
Differentiate while entering tissues
Blood vessels and nerves
Connective tissue and mucosal mast cells
Resemble basophils
Important initiators of inflammation, contain histamine
Make leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines

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5
Q

Monocytes

A

Found in blood
Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
Myeloid progenitor
Promonocytes leave one marrow and become monocytes in blood
Circulate for ~8h
Migrate into tissues and become macrophages
Phagocytosis of microorganisms and O-dep and O-indep killing

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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Precursors develop in bone marrow
T cells (70-80%) and NKT cells differentiate in thymus
NK (5-10%) cells differentiate in bone marrow
Lymphoid progenitor
B cells: 10-20%

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7
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Formation of platelets

Myeloid progenitor

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8
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis

A

Change as we develop
Fetus: yolk sac, liver and spleen, bone marrow
Infants: bone marrow in practically all bones
Adults: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis, femurs

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9
Q

Bone marrow

A

Primary lymphoid tissue
Involved in production of lymphocytes
Stem cells, microenvironment, hematopoietic growth factors

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10
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

Express cell adhesion molecules that attach themselves to extracellular matrix and stromal cells

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11
Q

Microenvironment

A

Created by stromal cells and extracellular matrix

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12
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Attachment of stem cells and progenitor cells

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13
Q

Stromal cells

A 
Physical support (scaffold) for growth of hematopoietic cells
Provide nutrients, produce hematopoietic growth factors (presented to immobilized stem cells) and express adhesion molecules that influence differentiation
Include macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and adipocytes
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14
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

Glycoproteins that act at low concentrations
Produced by stromal cells, monocytes and lymphocytes
May affect more than one cell lineage
Show synergistic action with other growth factors
Active on stem cells/functional end cells

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15
Q

Myeloid progenitor growth factors

A

IL3, CM-CSF, IL6

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16
Q

Lymphoid progenitor growth factors

A

IL7 +

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17
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Neutrophils
IL3, GM-CSF, G-CSF
Granulocytes have segmented nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm
Maintained at steady state in absence of infection
Similar maturation as eosinophils (IL5) and basophil (IL4)

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18
Q

Monocytopoiesis

A

Same progenitor cells as neutrophils except M-CSF instead of G-CSF
Gradual nuclear folding
Acquisition of cytoplasmic granules
Monoblast to promonocyte to monocyte

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19
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

T cells, B cells, NKT and NK cells
IL3, Il7, IL4 +
Stages of maturation defined by surface antigen expression

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20
Q

B Cells

A 
CD20 is marker
Mature in bone marrow
Activated within primary follicles and then move to secondary follicles to become memory or plasma cells
Express membrane-bound immunoglobulin
Secrete and produce antibodies
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21
Q

NK cells

A

Mature within bone marrow

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22
Q

T cells

A

Mature in thymus
Prothymocytes to thymocytes
Must interact with cytokines and different cell types

23
Q

NKT cells

A

Mature in thymus
Prothymocytes to thymocytes
Must interact with cytokines and different cell types

24
Q

Homeostasis of hematopoiesis

A

Accomplished by:

  1. Controlling cytokine production
  2. Expression of receptors for hematopoietically active cytokines
  3. Controlled apoptosis
25
Apoptosis
1. Decreased cell volume 2. Chromatin condensation 3. DNA fragmentation 4. Membrane blabbing Does not cause inflammation
26
Primary lymphoid tissue
Thymus and bone marrow | Maturation of lymphocytes
27
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes, spleen, various mucous associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) (i.e.. GALT) Antigen is trapped, providing opportunity for interaction with mature lymphocytes and antigen-dependent maturation of T and B cells
28
Tertiary lymphoid tissues
Contain few lymphoid tissues than secondary lymphoid organs Import lymphoid cells during inflammatory response ie. Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT): first site where a pathogen puncturing epithelial cells encounters immune cells
29
Thymus
Sure of T and NKT cells maturation Large in babies, shrinks in pregnancy Bi-lobed, encapsulated organ with lobules separated by connective trabecular Outermost cortex is densely packed with immature, proliferating thymocytes (undergoing apoptosis) Inner medulla is sparsely populated with mature thymocytes undergoing positive and negative selection
30
Lymphatic system
Network of vessels that collect fluid from tissues Mature lymphocytes circulate in lymphatic system Lymph is collected and eventually drain into thoracic duct
31
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Bring lymph fluid containing antigen carrying dendritic cells, particulate antigen and lymphocytes to regional lymph nodes
32
Efferent lymphatic vessels
Take lymph fluid from lymph nodes into venous circulation | Carry antibodies secreted by plasma cells, activated/memory T cells and B cells
33
Lymph nodes
Bean shaped capsule, distributed around vessels Sinuses Cortex (outside), paracortex, medulla (inside) Site of generation of T and B cell antibody responses to specific antigen Site where lymphocytes can interact with antigens and presenting cells (esp interdigitating dendritic cells) Phagocytosis of particulate matter prevents entry into blood stream
34
Lymph node cortex
Outside-most | Primary follicles and secondary follicles
35
Primary follicles of lymph nodes
Naive B cells, follicular dendritic cells, macrophages
36
Follicular dendritic cells
Concentrated antigens to make them more readily available to B cells
37
Secondary follicles
Activated B cells in germinal layers: proliferating and undergoing expansion and differentiation
38
Paracortex of lymph node
T cells, interdigitating dendritic cells | Site where T cells respond to foreign antigens presented by dendritic cells
39
Medulla of lymph node
Phagocytic macrophages, antibody secreted plasma cells, some activated/memory T and B cells moving into the efferent lymph
40
High endothelial venules
Sites within vasculature of lymph nodes that are specialized to allow B and T cells to move from blood into lymph nodes T and B cells that have not become activated by antigens exit via efferent vessel to go to another node
41
Spleen
Immune responses are mounted against antigens in the blood Old/defective RBCs are phagocytosed and recycled Large, ovoid organ in upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity White and red pulp separated by marginal zone Swells during infection
42
White pulp
In spleen | Generation of T cell responses and B cells responses against blood borne antigens
43
Marginal zone
Interdigitating dendritic cells trap blood borne antigens and transport them to white pulp Surrounds vascular bed
44
Red pulp
Defective/old RBCs and blood born pathogens are phagocytosed by macrophages
45
Neutrophils
AKA polymorphonuclear leukocyte (multi lobed appearance) Produced in bone marrow and released into blood Circulate for 7-10h Migrate into tissue and die within 48h, signal from macrophages and tissue Segmented nucleus connected by chromatin strands Primary and secondary granules Primary phagocytosis of bacteria and debris Killing of ingested bacteria (O dependent and O independent)
46
O dependent neutrophil killing
Reactive O intermediates | Reative nitrogen intermediates
47
O independent neutrophil killing
Defensives Lysozyme Hydrolytic enzymes Tumor necrosis factor
48
Eosinophils
Produced in bone marrow and released into blood Segmented nucleus, spherical granules 12-17nm Anti parasitic function Involved in allergic reactions Contain lysosomal and oxygen radicals Contain eosinophil cationic protein: anti-parasite protein
49
Basophils
Produced in bone marrow and released into blood Segmented nucleus, spherical purple granules Back up mast cell responses in inflammation, involve din allergic reactions, contain histamine Make leukotrienes and prostaglandins
50
Macrophages
Travel by amoeboid movement Named based on location Recruitment of immune system cells into inflammatory site Secrete cytokines and chemokine Present antigen to T cells: Class 1 and 2 MHC Activated by phagocytosis, Th1 cytokines (IFNgamma), inflammatory mediators, bacterial components
51
Dendritic cells
Produced in bone major Released into blood Migrate into various tissues Most potent professional antigen presenting cells: do not have to be activated Long membrane extensions MHC1 and MHC2 Migrate to lymph nodes and present antigen to T cells
52
NKT cells
Express functional T cell receptors that interact with CD1 instead of Class 1 and 2 MHC Innate immunity
53
CD4+ T cells
Help activate CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages and other immune systems Regulate immune responses Function by producing a range of different cytokines
54
CD8+ T cells
Kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Immunology 3115 (14 decks)

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