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Biology > Cells and Orgnellels > Flashcards

Cells and Orgnellels Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane holds Cellular contents and are composed of what?

A

phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

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2
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

glycerol backbone, one phosphate group, and two fatty acid tails

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3
Q

Phospholipids are _________ because they have polar and nonpolar parts, allowing then to form a lipid bilayer in an aqueous environment.

A

amphipathic

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4
Q

What is cholesterol composed of?

A

four hydrocarbon rings

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5
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor to ______ ______.

A

steroid hormomes

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6
Q

Cholesterols are ____ and regulate ____ ____

A

amphipathic; membrane fluidity

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7
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

integral(transmemebrane protien), peripheral(surface protien)

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8
Q

Integral protiens transverse the entire membrane bilayer and so they must be ____?

A

Amphipathic

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9
Q

Integral protein ____ parts lie in the middle of the bilayer while the _____ parts extend out into the aqueous environment outside and inside the cell membrane.

A

nonpolar;polar

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10
Q

Function of membrane protiens

A

signaling and transport

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11
Q

Where are peripheral proteins found?

A

outside of the cell membrane

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12
Q

Peripheral proteins are generally ____

A

hydrophilic (water loving)

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13
Q

What are the functions of peripheral proteins?

A

receptor,signaling, adhesion

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14
Q

Protein receptors trigger ____ within the cell for signaling. However, if the protein receptor transmits a signal through the lipid bilayer it is considered an _____ protein.

A

secondary; integral protien

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15
Q

Drugs that bind to receptors can be considered either __ or __.

A

agonists; antagonists

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16
Q

Agonists

A

they are like party people they bind to receptors to activate a target

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17
Q

Antagonists

A

They are like Karens they bind to a receptior to prevent other molecules from binding and inhibits target activation

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18
Q

Adhesion

A

attaches cells to other things

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19
Q

Cellular Recognition

A

proteins that have carbohydrate(glycoprotiens) chains used to recognize other cells (sugar intenas)

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20
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model descibe

A

FLUID-how components that make up the cell membrane can move freely.
MOSAIC-how many structures the membrane contains

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21
Q

What affects the fluidity of a memebrane

A

Temp,cholesterol,degrees of saturation

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22
Q

how does temp affect membrane fluidity

A

high temperatures increase fluidity
low temperatures decrease fluidity

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23
Q

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?

A

high temp cholesterol make membrande more rigid to prevent it from becoming too fluid.

low temp cholesterol makes the membrane more fluid to prevent it from becoming too ridgid and shattering

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24
Q

How do degrees of saturation affect membrane fluidity?

A

saturated fatty acids pack tight because they lack double bonds and thus are solid a room temp. unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds that doesnt allow tight packing and makes them fluid at room temp

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25
Q

Why are Trans-unsaturated fatty acids considered bad?

A

they raise bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol

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26
Q

trans-unsaturated fatty acids pack tighter than____. Why?

A

cis-unsaturated; becuase cis-unstaturated has more kinks and cant back tight

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27
Q

Cells must regulate….

A

substances that travel through the cell membrane

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28
Q

What are the three types of transport?

A

Simple, Facilitated, Active

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29
Q

Define Simple diffusion

A

flow of small, uncharged, non-polar substances across the membrane down their concentration gradient without using energy

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30
Q

Osmosis is apart of which type of transport?

A

passive

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31
Q

Define Osmosis

A

is the type of simple diffusion that involves a water molecule

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32
Q

Water is small/large and polar/nonpolar

A

polar/small

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33
Q

Define facilitated transport

A

integral proteins allows, larger, hydrophilic molecules to cross the membrane

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34
Q

Facilitated Transport can be one of three directional type of proteins

A

uniporters,symporters,antiporters

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35
Q

define a uniporter,symporter and antiporter

A

uniporter-single substance,single direction
symporter-2 substances same direction
antiporter- 2 substances different direction

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36
Q

two types of transport protiens

A

channel and carrier

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37
Q

define channel proteins

A

tunnels open face on both sides of the bilayer

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38
Q

define carrier proteins

A

bind to a molecule on one side and change shape to bring the substance to the other side

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39
Q

Passive diffusion is only done with what

A

facilitated transport, bring molecules down their concentration gradient without energy

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40
Q

Examples of channels proteins

A

channels for ions and porins for hydrophilic molecules

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41
Q

Define Active Transport

A

substance travel against their concertation gradient and require the consumption of energy by carrier proteins

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42
Q

What are types of active transport

A

primary and secondary

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43
Q

define primary active transport

A

uses ATP hydrolysis to pump molecules against their concentration gradient

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44
Q

secondary active transport (freeloeaders)

A

uses free energy released when other molecules flow down their concentration gradient to pump the molecule of interest across the membrane

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45
Q

cytosis (just a generic name for a type of active transport mechanism)

A

refers to bulk transport of large, hydrophilic molecules across the cell membrane and requires energy

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46
Q

Endocytosis

A

involves the cell membrane wrapping around an extracellular substance internalizing it into the cell via vesicle and vacuole

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47
Q

What are the different types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated cytosis

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48
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

cellular eating solid objects

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49
Q

define pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking of dissolved molecules

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50
Q

Receptor-medicated endocytosis

A

requires the binding dissolved molecule to peripheral membrane receptor proteins that initiated endocytosis

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51
Q

Clathrin

A

forming a pit in the membrane that pinches off as a clathrin coated vesicle

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52
Q

Exocytosis

A

material is released from in the cell to out the cell via vesicle secretion

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53
Q

what are organelles

A

cellular compartments enclosed by phospholipid bilayer they are locatede in the cytosol and make up the cytoplasm which is (cytosol and organells)

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54
Q

Eukaryotic cell have ___ organells

A

membrane bound

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55
Q

Prokaryotes do not have ___ but do have adaptation like ___ where they store their genetic informetion

A

membrane bound organelles;nucleoid

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56
Q

Nucleus

A

Primarily function to protect and house DNA

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57
Q

Where does DNA replication and transcription occur

A

nucleus

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58
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

is the membrane of the nucleus

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59
Q

describe the nuclear envelope

A

two phospholipid bilayer with a perinuclear space

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60
Q

Nuclear pores

A

holes in the nuclear envelope that allows molecules to travel in and out nucleus

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61
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

provides structure and support as well as regulating DNA cell division

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62
Q

Nucleolus

A

is the dense area that is reposible for producing rRNA and assembling ribosomal subunits RNA+Proteins

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63
Q

Ribosomes

A

non-organelles; they work as small factories that carry out translation. They are composed of ribosomal subunits

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64
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomal subunit

A

60S and 40S; assemble in the nucleoplasm and are exported from the nucleus to make complete ribosomes in the cytosol (80)

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65
Q

Who is your have puppy

A

BUBBA

66
Q

What does the S in 80S stand for?

A

Sedimentation

67
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomal subunit

A

50S AND 30S complete 70S forms in cytosol

68
Q

Free-floating ribsomes

A

make protiens that function in the cell

69
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes

A

make protiens that will be sent out of the cell

70
Q

Rough ER

A

Proteins synthesized by the embedded ribosomes are sent into the lumen for modifications

71
Q

Smooth ER

A

is an extension of the rough ER. its function is to synthesize lipids, produce steroid hormones, detoxify cells

72
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stores,modifies, exports protiens that will be secreted from the cell

73
Q

cisternae

A

flattened sacs that modify and package substances

74
Q

cis face of golgi

A

closest to the ER

75
Q

trans face

A

closest to the membrane

76
Q

Lysosomes

A

break down substances through hydrolysis taken in through endocytosis

77
Q

Lysosomes contain

A

acidic digestive enzymes that function at low pH

78
Q

Autophagy

A

breakdown the cells own machinery for apoptosis

79
Q

Proteasomes

A

protein based complexes that breakdown unwanted or damages proteins, and have ubiquitin and proteins for degradation

80
Q

Vacuole types

A

transport, food, central, tonoplast,storage, contractile

81
Q

trasport vacuole

A

transport materials between organelles

82
Q

food vacuole

A

temporarily holds endocytosed food and later fuses with lysosomes

83
Q

central vacuole

A

large in plants function in storage and breakdown

84
Q

what are tonoplasts

A

large membrane in central vacuole thazt maintains rigidity by exerting tugor

85
Q

storage vacuole

A

stores starch,pigment, and toxic substances

86
Q

contractile vacuole

A

found in single celled organsisms and works to pump out excess water

87
Q

endomembrane system

A

it is the group of organelles that work together to modify package and transport proteins and lipids entering or exiting the cell

88
Q

What are the components of the endomemebrane system?

A

nucleus, rough ER, Golgi lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane

89
Q

Peroxisomes

A

perform hydrolysis and break down stored fatty acids and help detoxification

90
Q

Detoxification can generate what and why is this dangerous?

A

can produce hydrogen peroxide which is toxisc and can be reactive oxygen speicies that damages cells via fre radicals but peroxosomes have catalase that breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

91
Q

mitochandria

A

power house of the cel produces ATP in cellular respiration

you get mitochandrial DNA from your mother

92
Q

Chloroplasts

A

found in plants and some protists and carry out photosynthesis

93
Q

Plasmids

A

double membraned organelles found in plants and algae that function in photosynthesis and storage of metabolites

94
Q

centrioles

A

found in animal cells and act as microtubule organizing centers during cell division

95
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides structure and function to the cytoplasm

96
Q

microfiliments

A

smallest structure of the cytoskeleton and are composed of a double helix made of two actin filaments

97
Q

function of microfiliments

A

involved cell movement and can quickly assemble and disassemble

cleavage furrow
cyclosis
muscle contraction

98
Q

cleavage furrow

A

during cell division myosin motors and actin filiments form contractile rings and split the cell

99
Q

cyclosis

A

the flow of cytoplasm inside the cell it is driven by the forces of actin and myocin in a manner similar to muscle contraction

100
Q

muscle contraction

A

actin have directionaloty allowing myosin motor protiens to pull on them for muscle contraction

101
Q

intermediate filaments

A

are between microfilaments and microtubule and function as structural support

102
Q

intermedate filaments are more stable than microtubules or microfilaments?

A

microfilaments

103
Q

keratin

A

intermediate filament in the skin hair and nails

104
Q

lamins

A

intermeidate filaments function in making up nuclar lamina lamina a network of fiborus intermediate filaments that support the nucleus

105
Q

microtubules

A

lagest in side and gives structural integrity to the cells

106
Q

structure of microtubules

A

hollow and have walls of tubulin protien dimers aqnd fucntion in cell division, cillia, and flagella

107
Q

Kinesin and dynein

A

are motor protiens that transport cargo along microtubules

108
Q

microtubule organizing centers

A

are present in eukaryotic cells and help organize microtuble extension

109
Q

centriole characterisitcs

A

hollow cylinders made of 9 triplets of microtubules 9x3 array

110
Q

centrosomes

A

contain a pair of centrioles orient in 90 degree angles to one another

111
Q

A pair of centirole (centrosomes)

A

replicate during the S phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell after cell dividion has one centrosome (pair of centroles)

112
Q

cillia

A

small hair like projections found only in eukaryotes they line outside of the cell or fluid and function in locomotion

113
Q

2 types of cillia

A

motile cillia- help cell or fluid move
non-motile cillia- act as cellular antennas that receive signals from neighbors an enviornment

114
Q

cillia characteristics

A

cillia have 9 doublets of microtubule made of tubulin with two singles in the center forming and 9+2 array they are produced by the basal body which is fomred by the mother centriole which is an older centiole after S phase replication

115
Q

Flagella

A

hairl like structures found in both prokaryotes and eukaryokes function in locomotion of cell and fluids

116
Q

eukaryote flagella structure

A

composed of polymers of of tubulin in 9+2 array

117
Q

prokaryote flagella

A

polymers of flagellin and DO NOT have a 9+2 array they do not have micro tubules

118
Q

eukaryotic move in a ____ motion while prokaryotic flagella move in a ____ motion

A

bending;rotary

119
Q

Extracellular matrix (EMC)

A

provides extracellular mechanical support of cells

120
Q

extracellular matrix

A

proteoglycan,collagen,integrin,fibronectin,laminin,basal lamina

121
Q

proteoglycan

A

a type of glycoprotien that has a high propotion of carbohydrates

122
Q

collagen

A

the most common structure protien organzied by collagen fibrils (fibers of glycoilated collagen secreted by fibroblasts

123
Q

Integrin

A

a transmembrane protein that faciliated ECM adheasion and signals cells how to respond to EMC growth apoptosis

124
Q

Fibronectin

A

a protin that connects to integrin to emc and helps signal transduction

125
Q

Laminin

A

behaves similary to fibroactin it functions in cell differentiation, adheasion, and movement, it is a major compenent of the basal lamina

126
Q

cell walls

A

carbohydrate based structures that act like a subtitute EMC because they provide structural support to cells that either do not have EMC or have minimal EMC.

127
Q

Where are cell walls found

A

plants-cellulose
fungi-chatin
bacteria-peptidiglycan
archaea

128
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

is a poly sacharride with peptide chains and is the primary componet of bacterial cell walls

129
Q

Archaea

A

made up of polysacharrides and don not contain peptidoglycan

130
Q

Glucocalyx

A

glycolipid/glycoprotien coat found mainly on bacteria and animal epithelial cells it helps with adheasion, protection adn recognisition

131
Q

Cell matrix junstions

A

connect EMC to cytoskeleton

132
Q

focal adheasions

A

emc connects to acting microfiliments via integrins

133
Q

Hemidesomsomes

A

EMC connects to intermediate fillament inside the celln via integrins

134
Q

Cell to cell jusntions

A

connects cells to other cells

135
Q

tight juction

A

form water tight seal between cells so substances pass through them and not between them

136
Q

desmosomes

A

provide support against mechanical stress connects neigboring cells via intermedite fillaments

137
Q

Adhearens

A

structural support against mechanical stress it just uses actin fillaments

138
Q

Gap junction

A

allows passage of ions between cells formed by transmemebrane connexins and are only present in animal cells

139
Q

middle lamella-plants junctions

A

sticky cement similar to tight junctions

140
Q

plasmodesmata- plant cell

A

tunnels between plant cell allows cytosol fluids to freely travel between plant cells

141
Q

isotonic solution

A

same solute concentration as the cell placed in them

142
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute than the cell placed in them

143
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute then the cell place in them

144
Q

turgid

A

swollen plant

145
Q

plasmolysis

A

when plant cell shrinks away from its wall

146
Q

cell undergo a range of adaptations that will ensure survival due to changes of enviormental conditions these changes include

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,metaplasia,dysplasia

147
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size due to reduced metabolism

148
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size due to increased metobolic activty

149
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under microscope often seen in the beginning of cancer

150
Q

Metaplasia

A

a somatic cell undergoing transformation into another specialized type of somatic cell

151
Q

Dysplasia

A

development of phenotypically abnormal cells in a tissue that can lead to cancerous growth

152
Q

epithelial tissue

A

tissues are coheasive sheets of cells that line internal organs and cover the body

153
Q

connective tissue

A

tissues that support the structure of organism sparse connective tissues cells are scattered within the an extracellular matrix

154
Q

examples of connective tissues

A

cartliage,bone,blood,adipose

155
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue responsible for body movement and come in smooth skeletal and cardiac muscles

156
Q

nervous tissue

A

tissues process and transmit information within the body. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons to send info and support cells to glial cells

157
Q

Dynein

A

motor protiens transport cargo along microtubules

158
Q

Trypsin

A

pancreatic protease, breakdown /digust protien

159
Q

Isomerase

A

is an enzymes used in second step of glycolysis modifies glucose6phophase

160
Q

Lamins

A

intermediate filament helps make up nuclear lamina, a network of fibrous intermediate filaments that support the nucleus

161
Q

Peroxidase

A

is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of reactive oxygen species

Biology (2 decks)

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