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NA Ch 2 > Cells and Structures of Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Structures of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Sylvian fissure?

A

Between Temporal lobe and Frontal and Parietal lobes

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2
Q

Where is Central sulcus?

A

Between Parietal lobe and frontal lobe

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3
Q

Where is precentral gyrus?

A

Frontal lobe, on border with central sulcus

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4
Q

Where is post central gyrus?

A

On Parietal lobe, bordering central sulcus

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5
Q

glial cells

A

provide support for information processing neurons

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6
Q

What is neuron doctrine?

A

The brain is composed of independent cells and information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses

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7
Q

neuron structure:

what is input zone?

A

Dendrites are cellular extensions that receive information

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8
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are the input zone.

Dendrites are cellular extensions that receive information from environment or other cells

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9
Q

Neuron Structure:

What is the integration zone?

A

The cell body integrates information

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10
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron do?

A

Cell body integrates the information

It is the Integration zone

Where decision to produce a neural signal is made

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11
Q

Neuron Structure:

What is the conduction zone?

A

Conduction zone: axons carry information away from the cell body

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12
Q

Where axons carry information away from the cell body is called…

A

conduction zone

where information can be electrically transmitted over great distances

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13
Q

Neuron structure: What is the output zone?

A

The output zone are the axon terminals–

signals are transmitted across synapses

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14
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

Axon terminals are the output zone.

Where signals are transmitted across synapses

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15
Q

Where is the decision to produce a neural signal made?

A

In the integration zone (seems like area where cell body meets axon)

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16
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

neurons are classified by shape, size or function

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17
Q

multipolar neuron

A

one axon, many dendrites.

most common type of neuron

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18
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One axon, one dendrite

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19
Q

unipolar neuron

A

a single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone.

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

stimulate muscles or glands

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21
Q

sensory neurons

A

respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor or touch

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

receive input from and send input to other neurons

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23
Q

arborization

A

branching of dendrites

degree of arborization reflects the complexity of the neuron’s information processing function

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24
Q

information is transmitted…how?

A

information is transmitted across synapses from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron

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25
Q

synaptic cleft

A

synaptic cleft is the gap that separates the pre and post synaptic membranes

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26
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals contain a chemical neurotransmitter

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27
Q

What is released in response to electrical activity in the axon?

A

neurotransmitters

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28
Q

What are receptors in the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Receptors in the postsynaptic membrane are specialized proteins that react when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to them.

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29
Q

neural plasticity

A

Neural plasticity: configuration of synapses on dendrites and cell body is constantly changing in response to experience and environment

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30
Q

dendritic spines

A

Dendritic spines, which increase surface area for synapses, can be rapidly altered, facilitating the continual remodeling of neural connections

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31
Q

axon hillock

A

Axon hillock: cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon; site of integration.

Axons often divide into axon collaterals, allowing a neuron to innervate more than one postsynaptic cell.

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32
Q

Axonal transport

A

Axonal transport: The movement of materials within an axon via motor proteins

Axons often divide into axon collaterals, allowing a neuron to innervate more than one postsynaptic cell.

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33
Q

4 types of glial cells which support and enhance neurons.

A

astrocytes
microglial cells
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

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34
Q

Astrocytes

A

Astrocytes: many processes receive neuronal input and monitor activity.

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35
Q

microglial cells

A

Microglial cells are small cells that remove debris from injured cells

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36
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Schwann cells form myelin sheath for cells outside the brain and spinal cord.

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38
Q

myelination

A

glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction.

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39
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed

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40
Q

Glial cells (when things go wrong)

A

Glial cells respond to injury by edema and are also susceptible to tumors.

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41
Q

Astrocytes (when things go wrong)

A

Astrocytes influence brain chemistry and have been implicated in epilepsy.

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42
Q

Microglia (when things go wrong)

A

Microglia have been implicated in degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s.

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43
Q

Name a demyelinating disease

A

multiple sclerosis

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44
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord

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45
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system: all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column

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46
Q

4 aspects of PNS

A

Motor nerves
Sensory nerves
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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47
Q

motor nerves

A

motor nerves transmit information from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands

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48
Q

sensory nerves

A

sensory nerves convey information from the body to the CNS

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49
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

sometime nervous system connects brain and major muscles and sensory systems

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50
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system are nerves that primarily control the viscera

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51
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

The somatic nervous system consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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52
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

some are sensory, some motor, some have both functions–separate axons in the nerve carry the sensory and motor signals

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53
Q

List the 12 Cranial Nerves

A 
Olfactory (s)
Optic (s)
Oculomotor (m)
Trochlear (m)
Abducens (m)
Trigeminal (s, m)
Facial (s, m)
Vestibulocochlear (s)
Glossopharyngeal (s, m)
Vagus (s, m)
Spinal Accessory (m)
Hypoglossal (m)
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54
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs

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55
Q

Each spinal nerve is…

A

Each spinal nerve is the fusion of two distinct branches, or roots: dorsal root and ventral root

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56
Q

Dorsal root

A

Dorsal root of spinal nerve carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord

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57
Q

Ventral root

A

Ventral root of a spinal nerve carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles

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58
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
59
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

autonomic ganglia are groups of neurons located outside the CNS

60
Q

Preganglionic neurons

A

preganglionic neurons run from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia

61
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

Postganglionic neurons run from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body

62
Q

3 major divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Enteric nervous system

63
Q

What does sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Sympathetic nervous system prepares body for action (fight or flight)

64
Q

What neurotransmitter is sent when sympathetic nervous system is activated

A

Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter that is sent when sympathetic nervous system is activated

65
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system: activation is often in opposition to sympathetic activity (rest and digest)

66
Q

What neurotransmitter is sent when parasympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is sent when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated

67
Q

Symptoms of Sympathetic response

A 
dilates pupil
inhibits salivation
relaxes airways
accelerates heartbeat
stimulates glucose and production and release
inhibits digestion
stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine 
relaxes bladder
stimulates ejaculation
stimulates blood vessels in skin
stimulates secretion by sweat glands
68
Q

Symptoms of Parasympathetic response

A 
Constricts pupils
stimulates salivation
constricts airways
slows heartbeat
stimulates digestion
stimulates gallbladder to release bile
dilates blood vessels in intestines
dilates blood vessels in skin
contracts bladder
stimulates sex organ engorgement
69
Q

enteric nervous system

A

enteric nervous system is a local network of neurons that governs function of gut

–is controlled by CNS

–Plays a key role in maintaining fluid and nutrient balance

70
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A
71
Q

cerebral cortex

A

folded outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres, comprised mostly of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons

72
Q

gyri and sulci

A

gyri and sulci are folds that increase amount of context that can fit into the skull and are grouped together into lobes

73
Q

4 lobes of cortex

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

74
Q

frontal lobe of cortex

A

movement and high level cognition

75
Q

parietal lobe

A

spatial cognition

76
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

77
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing, sense of smell, aspects of learning

78
Q

sagittal plane

A

bisects body into right and left halves

79
Q

coronal plane

A

divides body into front and back regions

80
Q

horizontal plane

A

divides into upper and lower parts

81
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

strip of cortex behind the central context that is important for touch

82
Q

precentral gyrus

A

in the frontal lobe, important for motor control

83
Q

corpus callosum

A

a bundle of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

84
Q

gray matter

A

contains more cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin

85
Q

white matter

A

consists mostly of axons with white myelin sheaths

86
Q

The CNS develops from the neural tube; at the head end, three subdivisions arise:
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Forebrain later develops into the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus).

A

The CNS develops from the neural tube; at the head end, three subdivisions arise:
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Forebrain later develops into the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus).

87
Q

The hindbrain develops into:
Metencephalon—becomes the cerebellum and pons
Myelencephalon, also called the medulla
Brainstem: the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

A

The hindbrain develops into:
Metencephalon—becomes the cerebellum and pons
Myelencephalon, also called the medulla
Brainstem: the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

88
Q

brainstem

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla

89
Q

Within the CNS:

  • the nucleus is…
  • the tract is…

Within the PNS

  • neurons form…
  • bundles of axons are…
A

Within the CNS:

  • the nucleus is a collection of neurons
  • the tract is a bundle of axons

Within the PNS

  • neurons form ganglia
  • bundles of axons are nerves
90
Q

Neurons of the cortex are arranged in six layers based on type of neuron and pattern of dendrites or axons.
Pyramidal cells are most prominent:
Pyramid-shaped cell body in layer III or V
Apical dendrite extends to outermost cortex
Basal dendrites spread horizontally from cell body

A

Neurons of the cortex are arranged in six layers based on type of neuron and pattern of dendrites or axons.
Pyramidal cells are most prominent:
Pyramid-shaped cell body in layer III or V
Apical dendrite extends to outermost cortex
Basal dendrites spread horizontally from cell body

91
Q

Neurons in the cortex are organized into cortical columns.
Each column is perpendicular to the cortical layers and serves as a unit to process information.
Within each column, most synaptic interconnections are vertical, although some are horizontal.

A

Neurons in the cortex are organized into cortical columns.
Each column is perpendicular to the cortical layers and serves as a unit to process information.
Within each column, most synaptic interconnections are vertical, although some are horizontal.

92
Q

Basal ganglia (nuclei)

A

are important in motor control; reciprocally connected to the cortex

93
Q

are important in motor control; reciprocally connected to the cortex

A

Basal ganglia (nuclei)

94
Q

Limbic system

A

includes structures important for learning and memory, cognitive functions, emotional regulation, sense of smell

95
Q

includes structures important for learning and memory, cognitive functions, emotional regulation, sense of smell

A

Limbic system

96
Q

2 main components of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

97
Q

thalamus

A
  • a cluster of nuclei that relay sensory information

- a component of the diencephalon

98
Q
  • a cluster of nuclei that relay sensory information

- a component of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

99
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • contains nuclei with many vital functions (hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and more); also controls the pituitary
  • a component of the diencephalon
100
Q
  • contains nuclei with many vital functions (hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and more); also controls the pituitary
  • a component of the diencephalon
A

hypothalamus

101
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus

A

2 main components of the diencephalon

102
Q

Midbrain sensory systems:

A

-Tectum–2regions process visual and auditory information

103
Q

-Tectum–2regions process visual and auditory information

A

midbrain sensory systems

104
Q

midbrain motor centers

A

substantia nigra–has neurons that release dopamine

red nucleus–communicates with motor neurons in the spinal cord

105
Q

substantia nigra

A

–one of the midbrain motor centers

–has neurons that release dopamine

106
Q

red nucleus

A

–a midbrain motor center

–communicates with motor neurons in the spinal cord

107
Q

tectum

A

2 regions process visual and auditory information

midbrain sensory system

108
Q

Other midbrain system

A

reticular formation–involved with sleep and arousal, temperature control and motor control

-the midbrain also gives rise to several cranial nerves

109
Q

cerebellum

A
  • -convoluted, involved in motor coordination and learning
  • Purkinje cell layer- middle layer; large cells form a single row
  • Granule cell layer-small neurons whose axons form the third layer
  • Parallel fibers make up the third, outermost layer
110
Q
  • Purkinje cell layer- middle layer; large cells form a single row
  • Granule cell layer-small neurons whose axons form the third layer
  • Parallel fibers make up the third, outermost layer
A

cerebellum

111
Q

pons

A
  • below cerebellum
  • contains motor control and sensory nuclei
  • gives rise to cranial nerves
112
Q
  • below cerebellum
  • contains motor control and sensory nuclei
  • gives rise to cranial nerves
A

pons

113
Q

medulla

A
  • contains cranial nerve nuclei and nuclei that regulate breathing and heart rate
  • all axons from the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla
114
Q
  • contains cranial nerve nuclei and nuclei that regulate breathing and heart rate
  • all axons from the brain to the spinal cord pass through this
A

medulla

115
Q

cortical regions communicate via tracts of axons:

A
  • short-nearby
  • longer-other parts of cortex
  • connections between hemispheres via the corpus callosum
  • long, multisynaptic chains through subcortical regions

“connectome”

116
Q

brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 protective membranes

A

the meninges:

  • Dura mater–tough outermost sheet
  • Pia mater-delicate innermost layer
  • Arachnoid–substance between the dura mater and pia mater that cushions the brain in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
117
Q

ventricular system

A

series of chambers filled with CSF

118
Q

series of chambers filled with CSF

A

Ventricular system

119
Q

2 main functions of CSF

A

act as shock absorber

provide an exchange medium between blood and brain

120
Q

carotid arteries

A

major arteries to the brain

121
Q

what are the major arteries to the brain called?

A

Carotid arteries

122
Q

stroke

A

caused by rupture or blockage of blood vessels, leading to insufficient blood supply

123
Q

blood brain barrier

A

higher resistance in brain capillaries restricts passage of large molecules from the blood into the brain tissue

124
Q

circle of Willis

A

circle of carotid arteries at base of brain

125
Q

hemorrhagic stroke occurs when…

ischemic stroke occurs when….

A

hemorrhagic stroke occurs when rupture in artery leaks blood into brain

ischemic stroke occurs when clots or other debris prevent blood from reaching a region of the brain

126
Q

glymphatic system

A

newly discovered lymphatic system in brain; provide flow of CSF through the interior of the brain that helps clear cellular debris, proteins and other wastes

127
Q

angiography

A

x-ray of head with dye present in cerebral blood vessels

128
Q

CAT or CT

computerized axial tomography

A

a measure of x-ray absorption at several positions around the head; maps tissue density

129
Q

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

A

produces high-resolution images using radio frequency energy

130
Q

DTI

Diffusion tensor imaging

A

uses MRI technology to study white matter tracts; based on fractional anisotropy (FA)

131
Q

DTI tractography

A

uses mathematical manipulations to produce structural images of axonal fiber pathways

132
Q

PET

positron emission tomography

A

produces images of brain activity; identifies brain regions that contribute to specific functions

133
Q

color coded “difference image” can show

A

areas of brain most active during experimental condition

134
Q

mean difference image

A

using brain scans of difference images from several participants can be added together and averaged to arrive at a “mean difference image” that shows the most active brain areas across participants in an experiment

135
Q

fMRI

Functional MRI

A

detects small changes in brain metabolism, such as oxygen use, in active brain areas

fMRI can show how networks of brain structures collaborate

136
Q

optical imaging

A

uses near-infrared light passed through the skull to reveal brain activity

137
Q

TMS

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

briefly stimulates discrete cortical regions with magnets

138
Q

MEG

Magnetoencephalography

A

measures the tiny magnetic fields given off by active neurons

139
Q

MEG more info

A

Using measurements of the minuscule magnetic fields given off by ensembles of cortical cells during specific behavioral functions, magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides a real-time map of brain activity. In these images, MEG data have been superimposed on structural MRIs of a participant’s brain, creating maps of brain activity associated with viewing faces (A) versus nonface objects (B).

140
Q

speed-accuracy trade off

A

some imaging techniques like fMRI, have high spatial resolution (show structural detail) but are relatively slow in making images so these techniques have low temporal resolution and do not track dynamic changes in brain activity well.

141
Q

what imaging techniques have high temporal resolution but low spatial resolution

A

MEG and EEG

142
Q

social neuroscience

A

aims to understand brain activity as it relates to our interactions with others

143
Q

dfMRI

Dyadic functional MRI

A

uses MRI scanner that is fitted with specially designed dual head coils (encircling the head to produce brain images)

144
Q

dfMRI can reveal

A

dfMRI can reveal subtle collaboration of brain activity in two people involved in the same behavioral situation

NA Ch 2 (1 decks)

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